Chem Test 3

Front 1

Meth-

Back 1

1

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Eth-

Back 2

2

Front 3

Prop-

Back 3

3

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But-

Back 4

4

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Pent-

Back 5

5

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Hex-

Back 6

6

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Hept-

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7

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Oct-

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8

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Non-

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9

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Dec-

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10

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Polymer

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a chain of covalently bonded atoms that can be thousands of atoms long using a repeated unit

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Plastic

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"capable of being molded" synthetic polymers

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The Big 6

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76% of the 60,000 synthetic polymers used are just 6 types. Don't do all even use different monomers

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LDPE

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Low Density Polyethylene: Soft, flexible, unreactive. Plastic bangs, bubble wrap, electrical insulation

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HDPE

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High Density Polyethylene: stiffer than LDPE, stiff plastic bags and milk jug.

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PVC

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Polyvinyl Chloride: rigid strong, resists solvens and oils for pipe siding credit cards and the PLASTICIZER added to make it more flexible for hose, shower curtains

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PS

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Polystyrene: very clear, rigid dissolves in many solvents

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PP

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Polypropylene: Rigid strong shiny impermeable, batter cases carpets and bottle caps

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PET

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Polyethylene Teraphthalte: Two monomers, Transparents Strong impervious to gasses, soda bottles and clothing

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Thermoplastic

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can be melted and shaped repearedly, tend to be flexible. All big 6 are this

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Thermosetting

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cannot be re-melted and shaped

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Crystalline structure

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dominant in HDPE, PP and has an orderly arrangement of molecules which tend to be close to these regions. Make polymers rigid and strong

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Plasticizer

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disrupt crytallinity, making polymer more flexible

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Recycle No. 4

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LDPE

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Recycle No. 2

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HDPE

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Recycle No 3

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PVC

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Recycle No 6

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Polystyrene (PS)

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Recycle No 5

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Polypropylene (PP)

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Recycle No 1

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Polyethylene Terephthalate

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Amorphous

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Jumbled arrangement, molecules tend to be far apart, regions make the polymer flexible. (PET, PS, PVC)

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Addition Polymerization

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the addition of a free radical to break the C=C bond in order to form a chain

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Addition Polymerization

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the addition of a free radical to break the C=C bond in order to form a chain

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DISPERSION

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attractive forces between molecules resulting from distortion of the electron cloud around each molecule.

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DISPERSION

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attractive forces between molecules resulting from distortion of the electron cloud around each molecule.

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Effects of Dispersion

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Get bigger for bigger molecules and closely packed molecules

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Effects of Dispersion

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Get bigger for bigger molecules and closely packed molecules

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Branching

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when part of a chain of polymers comes off of a another. it affects the flexibility of the polymer. More branched= looser and more flexible, less branched = tighter and less flexible

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Branching

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when part of a chain of polymers comes off of a another. it affects the flexibility of the polymer. More branched= looser and more flexible, less branched = tighter and less flexible

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LDPE Monomer

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Ethylene (C=C, H's branched)

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LDPE Monomer

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Ethylene (C=C, H's branched)

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HDPE Monomer

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Ethylene (C=C, Hydrogens off each)

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PVC Monomer

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Vinyl Chloride (C=C, H's off except for one is a Cl)

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PS Monomer

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Styrene (C=C H's off except one has a benzene ring)

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PP Monomer

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Propylene (C=C H's off except one is CH3)

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PET Monomer

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Ethylene Glycol and terephthalic acid (OH-C-C-OH, H's off other carbone OR OH-CH2-CH2-OH) and (Benzene ring with carbons on either side, each double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an OH)

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Methyl Functional Group

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-CH3

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Methyl Functional Group

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-CH3

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Ester Functional Group

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-COOC-

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Ester Functional Group

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-COOC-

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Hydroxyl Functional Group

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-OH

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Hydroxyl Functional Group

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-OH

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Amine

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-NH2

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Amine

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-NH2

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Carboxylic Acid

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-COOH

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Carboxylic Acid

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-COOH

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phenyl functional group (aka Beneze Ring)

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-C6H5 (Benzene Ring)

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phenyl functional group (aka Beneze Ring)

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-C6H5 (Benzene Ring)

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Condensation Polymerization

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two monomers join, a tiny molecule is spit out. Polymers that form by this method are called copolymers, Only PET in Big 6

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Condensation Polymerization

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two monomers join, a tiny molecule is spit out. Polymers that form by this method are called copolymers, Only PET in Big 6

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React an Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid

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get an ester and water

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React an Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid

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get an ester and water

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React an Amine and a Carboxylic Acid

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Get an Amide and water

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React an Amine and a Carboxylic Acid

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Get an Amide and water

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Polyester

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Condensation Polymerization, when a alcohol and a carboxylic acid mix, at the center there is a link between the O of the ethylene side and the C=O of the terephthalic acid to form O=C-O-C which is ester

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Polyester

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Condensation Polymerization, when a alcohol and a carboxylic acid mix, at the center there is a link between the O of the ethylene side and the C=O of the terephthalic acid to form O=C-O-C which is ester

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phenyl functional group (aka Beneze Ring)

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-C6H5 (Benzene Ring)

Front 67

Condensation Polymerization

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two monomers join, a tiny molecule is spit out. Polymers that form by this method are called copolymers, Only PET in Big 6

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React an Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid

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get an ester and water

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React an Amine and a Carboxylic Acid

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Get an Amide and water

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Polyester

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Condensation Polymerization, when a alcohol and a carboxylic acid mix, at the center there is a link between the O of the ethylene side and the C=O of the terephthalic acid to form O=C-O-C which is ester

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Polyamide

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Amine (NH2) + Carboxylic Acid (O=C-O-H) mix together to form water (H2O, 1 H from NH2, and OH from O=C-O-H) and an amide and a water (CONH2(with an H off the N as well)

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Peptide bond

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the covalent bond that forms when the -COOH group of one amino acid reacts with the -NH2 group of another, joining the two amino acids

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Examples of Polyester

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Kevlar, polyester clothing, PET, Cotton or wool

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Examples of Polyamides

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Amino Acids, nylon

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Main Feedstock for polymers

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petroleum, non-renewable

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Biodegredation Strengths and weaknesses

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Most aren't biodegradeable, but its less Green house gasses in the atmosphere. Land fills have become anaerobic so not even naturally biodegradable polymers can break down there.

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Incineration Strengths and weaknesses

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Lots of greenhouse gas, but it gets rid of the, no landfill or waste. Alos burning PVC = HCl disolved in water = acid rain. Bad. But more energy per pound then coal = good

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Recycle strengths and weaknesses

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Less new plastic entering waste stream, requires energy to convert, sometimes have to alter quality to bring up to virgin plastic standard

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Recycled- Content

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has recyled material in it and there are two kinds: Pre-consumer Content and Post-Consumer Content

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Pre-Consumer Content

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recycled materials are from manufacturing process

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Post-Consumer Content

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recycled material are those which have ended up in the trash industrial or consumer - this is the best one

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Recyclable

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doesn't mean the same as recycled content

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Reduce, reuse alternatives

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donate packing peanuts to stores, use less plastic bottles, avoid excessively packaged products

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Antipyretic

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reduces fever

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anti-inflammatory

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reduces swelling or inflammation

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Analgesic

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reduces pain

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Polar Functional Groups

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Ones that have polar bonds, and differences in EN, most is Amide, Acid, Alcohol Ketone and Aldehyde near netural

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Structural Isomers

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Different ways of arranging the same number of atoms. They have different chemical and physical properties, the more C's the more structural isomers

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Optical Isomers

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Caused by Carbon bonded to 4 different groups. Forms 2 optical isomers L - (left) or D + (right)

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Pharmacore

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Three dimensional arrangement of atoms responsible for biological action of molecule. Computers are used to find things that work as dummy keys, then they can rearrange and make better

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What did we do Salicin to make it aspirin

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changed out a functional group by combining it with acetic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid and water

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Ketone Functional Group

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CH3-C-CH3
||
O
So its a C=O bonded at the C to C's on either side

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Aspirin's other name

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Acetylsalicylic acid

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Side effects of Aspirin

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Common- Ringing in ears, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, heartburn. Rate- Drowsiness, rash, hives, itch, diminished vision, black or bloddy vomit, blood in urine, jaundice, SOB

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NSAIDs

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Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

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How Aspirin works

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Blocks COX enzymes: reduces fever and swelling, surpresses the pain receptors. Only partially taken into specialized Cells. Pain & fever reducer and good pain reducer

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How Ibuprofen Works

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blocks COX enzymes better than aspirin: taken into specialized cells more than aspirin, better as an anti-inflammatory and pain reducer than aspirin.

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How Acetaminophen works

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Blocks COX enzymes NOT taken into speciality cells. Pain and fever reducer and poor anti-inflammatory

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Prostaglandins

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Hormone-like molecules made by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes

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ENZYME

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PROTEIN THAT ACTS AS A BIOLOGICAL CATALYST

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COX-2:

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makes prostaglandins which cause fever & swelling, increase sensitivity of pain receptors, prevent blood vessels dilating

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COX-1

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make prostaglandins that regulate kidney and stomach function (acid, mucus production)

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Why is bad to block both COX-1 and COX-2

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COX-1 Regulates stomach and kidney function, if this gets blocked too much or long than that's real bad for your stomach and kidney, but just COX-2 blocking drugs weren't as safe as first thought

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HORMONES:

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Chemical messengers that are produced by ENDOCHRINE GLANDS. Received by receptor sites on the target cell.

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thyroxine

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gland- thyroid, effect- regulate metabolism

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insulin

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gland-pancreas effect- using glucose for energy

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adrenaline

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gland-adrenal effect-fight/flight

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steroids

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gland-various effect-various

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Estrogens

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female sex hormones

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Androgens

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male sex hormones

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Estradiol & testosterone

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regulation of secondary sexual characteristics

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progesterone

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regulation of the female reproductive cycle

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RU-486

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the "abortion pill" regulation of the female reproductive cycle

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Cortisol

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regulation of metabolism

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cholic acid

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digestion of fat

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cholesterol

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component of cell membranes, most common steroid,

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gestrinone, trenbolone

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stimulation of muscle and bone growth

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Steroids

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have same base structure- 3 hexagons and 1 pentagon

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How the pill works

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uses progestin and progesterone to affect the pituitary gland to prevent ovulation. When you're on the pill you trick your body into thinking its pregnant from the amount of progesterone present, so you can't get pregnant again. Have to go off every 4th week to ovulate and reset the clock

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Emergency Contraception

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basically either tell the body its already pregnant and it can't possibly be pregnant again, or RU-486 fits the lock and doesn't let the progesterone be expelled, and the second drug expels the egg

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Anabolic Steroids

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ynthetic steroids that stimulate muscle and bone growth Originally created as alternative to testosterone to help suffers of wasting illnesses

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Anabolic Steroids risks

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row breasts, testes shrink (men), become masculine (women), acne, hair loss, heart attack, stroke, liver damage.

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Anabolic Steroid Abuse:

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Elaborate testing labs created use mass spectrometry, urine samples

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Valerian, passion flower

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anxiety

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licorice, wild cherry bark, thyme

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coughs

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Echinacea, garlic, goldenseal root

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Colds, flu

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St. John's wort

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depression

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Chamomile, peppermint, ginger

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nausea, digestive problems

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valerian, passion flower, hops, lemon balm

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insomnia

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Ginkgo Biloba

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memory loss

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Valerian, passion flower, kava kava, Siberian ginseng

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stress, tension

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depressant

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diminishes a body function / activity: makes person feel relaxed, sleepy: slows person down: sometimes used after abusing stimulants

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Examples of depressants

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alcohol, marijunana, opiates: Oxycontin (oxycodone) Lortabs (hydrocodone), heroin, morphine, codeine.

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stimulant

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amplifies a body function or activity, speeds up the body and brain. e.g. amphetamines, MDMA, cocaine, caffeine

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narcotic

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relieves pain by depressing CNS action: makes person less aware, alert, feel carefree. e.g. opiates: Oxycontin (oxycodone) Lortabs (hydrocodone), heroin, morphine, codeine

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tranquilizer / sedative

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relieves anxiety: calms nervousness, irritability, excitement: depresses CNS action : causes sluggishness, reduced mental activity e.g. Xanax, Valium

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hallucinogen

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causes visions: person hallucinates – e.g. LSD, mescaline, marijunana

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Schedule I

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Illegal, high potential for abuse, Heroin, LSD, Marijuna, hashish, mescaline MDMA (X)

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Schedule II

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Legal, high potential for abuse, Oxycodone, Morphine, opium, methadone cocaine (topical anesthetic) methamphetamine

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Schedule III

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legal, medium potential for abuse. hydrocodone with aceaminophen (Vicodin) codeine with acetaminophen, anabolic setrioid

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Schedule IV

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Legal, low potential for abuse. Xanax, propxyphene and acetaminophine (Darvocet) diazepam (Valium)

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Schedule V

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legal, loswet potential for abuse. cough suppressants with small amounts of codeine, diphenoxylate and atropine (Lomotil) promethazine (Phenergan)