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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Catabolic reaction |
Breakdown large molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules |
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Anabolic reaction |
Use energy to build larger molecules |
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Metabolism Stage 1 |
Hydrolysis/Digestion Larger molecules to smaller so that they can enter the bloodstream |
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Metabolism Stage 2 |
Degradation Breakdown molecules to ones that contain 2 or 3 carbon atoms |
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Metabolism: Stage 3 |
oxidation Oxidation of small molecules for electron transport & provides ATP energy |
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Mitochondrion |
Contains the structures for the synthesis of ATP from energy producing reactions |
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What is the hydrolysis of ATP equation? |
ATP --> ADP + Pi |
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What is the equation for Hydrolysis of ADP? |
ADP ---> AMP + Pi |
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ATP hydrolysis uses (u sis) |
Move substances across cell membranes Send nerve signals Synthesize an enzyme |
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Ca+2 in muscles |
Increases & activates the muscles to contract using energy from ATP Energy from ATP pumps out remaining Ca+2 and muscle relaxes |
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Used in anabolic reactions |
ATP |
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The energy storage molecule |
ATP |
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Coupled with energy requiring reactions |
ATP |
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Hydrolysis products |
ADP + Pi |
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Digestion stops... |
In the stomach |
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Digestion begins again... |
In the intestines |
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Products of hydrolysis of amylose and amylopectin |
Maltose (2 glucose) Glucose pieces Dextrin |
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What do Enzymes in the pancreas do? |
Hydrolyze dextrins to maltose and glucose |
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What do Enzymes in mucosal cells do? |
Hydrolyze maltose, sucrose and lactose to monosaccharides |
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Lactose is made of |
Galactose + glucose |
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Maltose is made of |
Glucose + glucose |
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What makes up Sucrose? |
Glucose + fructose |
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Absorbed through intestinal wall |
Monosaccharides, any fructose and galactose are converted to glucose |
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Triglycerides |
Are fats Breakdown in the small intestine |
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Bile salts |
Are steroids Reacts with triglycerides to make fat globules smaller And H²O soluble |
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Digestion of proteins |
Begins in the stomach Denatures proteins and activates enzymes |
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Pepsins do... |
Hydrolyze peptide bonds |
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In the small intestine... |
Enzymes hydrolyze polypeptides to amino acids |
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Amino acids |
Enter the bloodstream for transport to cells |
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End products of digestion of fat |
Fatty acids and glycerol |
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End products of proteins |
Amino acids |
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End products of carbs |
Glucose |
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Coenzymes |
NAD+ & NADH + H+ |
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NAD+ |
Required to oxidize |
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NAD+ reduces to |
NADH + H+ |
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Reduction |
Gain H+ Decrease number of bonds to oxygen |
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Oxidation |
Lose H+ Increase bonds to oxygen |
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B3 vitamin niacin |
Provides the nicotinamide group to ADP |
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Coenzyme NAD+ equation |
2° with NAD+ ---> Ketone + NADH + H+ |
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Coenzyme FAD |
Contains ADP and riboflavin Converts C-C to C=C Oxidizes |
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FAD reduces to... |
FADH2 |
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Coenzyme A |
Makes acyl groups more reactive |
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Acetyl + coenzyme A = |
Thiolester |
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What's the coenzyme used in oxidation of a carbon-oxygen bond? |
NAD+ |
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What is the reduced form of FAD? |
FADH2 |
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What is used to prepare acetyl groups for reactions with enzymes? |
Coenzyme A |
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What is the oxidized form FADH2? |
FAD |
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What is the coenzyme after C=O bond formation? |
NADH + H+ |
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Glycolysis |
A metabolic pathway that uses glucose Product is carbs 6 carbon glucose breaks down to pyruvate Takes place in the cytoplasm |
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Pyruvate |
2-3 carbon long chain from glucose |
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Glycolysis requires... |
Energy to add Pi groups to glucose Glucose breaks yo 2-3 carbon molecules (not pyruvate) |
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Glycolysis Reaction 1: Phosphorylation |
ATP provides Pi to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 2: Isomerization |
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerizes to fructose-6-phosphate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 3: Phosphorylation |
ATP provides Pi to convert fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 4: Cleavage |
Splits fru-1,6-biphos to dihydroxocetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 5: Isomerization |
Dihydroxocetone isomerizes to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 6: Oxidation & Phosphorylation |
The aldehyde in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidizes to a carboxyl ion (Uses NAD+) then phosphate is added to become 1,3-biphosphoglycerate |
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NAD+ is used when... |
Anytime you add a Carbon-Oxygen bond |
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Glycerolysis Reaction 7: Phosphate Transfer |
(2) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate reacts with ADP to make 2 ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 8: Isomerizion |
3-phosphoglycerate isomerizes to 2-phosphiglycerate |
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Glycolysis Reaction 9: Dehydration |
2-phosphoglycerate loses H2O to form the alkene phosphoenolpyruvate |
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Phosphoenolpyruvate is... |
A high energy transfer molecule |
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Glycolysis Reaction 10: Phosphate Transfer |
Phosphoenolpyruvate Reaction with ADP to make 2 ATP & 2 Pyruvate |
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Overall Glycolysis |
2 ATP used in Reaction 1-5 4 ATP made in Reaction 6-10 Net ATP = 2 2 NADH & 2 Pyruvate |
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Energy Generation Glycolysis |
Reaction 6-10 |
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Energy Investment Glycolysis |
Reaction 1-5 |
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Pyruvate in Aerobic Conditions |
Converted to acetyl-coenzyme A |
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Pyruvate in anaerobic conditions |
Converted to lactate (lactic acid) |
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Pyruvate in Aerobic Conditions II |
3 carbon pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation with NAD+ and reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
Uses 2 carbon aceytl-CoA to produce CO2 & NADH + H+ & FADH2 |
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Acetyl-CoA reacts... |
With oxaloacetate to make 6 carbon citrate Then undergoes decarboxylation to form succinylSuccinyl-CoA converts back to oxaloacetate to react again Succinyl-CoA converts back to oxaloacetate to react again |
