Chem Final

Front 1

a substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution; a proton donor

Back 1

acid

Front 2

a substance that marks the endpoint of an acid-base titration by changing color

Back 2

acid-base indicator

Front 3

rainwater with an acidic pH, a result of air polution by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

Back 3

acid rain

Front 4

a covalent oxide that dissolves in water to give an acidic solution

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acidic oxide

Front 5

the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction

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activation energy

Front 6

a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties

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alloy

Front 7

a helium nucleus produced in radioactive decay

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alpha particle

Front 8

a common mode of decay for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number changes

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alpha-particle production

Front 9

an organic acid in which an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group

Back 9

amino acid

Front 10

a substance that can behave either as an acid or as a base

Back 10

amphoteric substance

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negative ion

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anion

Front 12

in a galvanic cell, the electrode at which oxidation occurs

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anode

Front 13

solution in which water is the dissovling medium, or solvant

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aqueous solution

Front 14

concept postulating that acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, whereas bases produce hydroxide ions

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Arrhenius concept

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the fundamental unit of which elements are composed

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atom

Front 16

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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atomic number

Front 17

the transfer of a proton from one molecule to another of the same substance

Back 17

auto-ionization

Front 18

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles (atoms or molecules)

Back 18

Avogadro's law

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6.02 x 10^23

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Avdogadro's number

Front 20

a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly

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ball-and-stick model

Front 21

a device for measuring atmospheric pressure

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barometer

Front 22

a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution; a proton acceptor

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base

Front 23

a group of galvanic cells connected in series

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battery

Front 24

an electron produced in radioactive decay

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beta particle

Front 25

a decay process for radioactive nuclides in which the mass of number remains constant and the atomic number increases by one. the net effect is to change a neutron to a proton

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beta-particle production

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a 2-element compound

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binary compound

Front 27

the energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component nucleons

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binding energy

Front 28

the study of the chemistry of living systems

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biochemistry

Front 29

the force that holds two atoms together in a compound

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bond(chemical bond)

Front 30

the energy required to break a given chemical bond

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bond energy

Front 31

the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure

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Boyle's law

Front 32

a nuclear reactor in which fissionable fuel is produced while the reactor runs

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breeder reactor

Front 33

a model proposing that an acid is a proton donor and that a base is a proton acceptor

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bronsted-lowry model

Front 34

the ability of a buffered solution to absorb protons or hydroxide ions withour a significant change in pH

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buffer capacity

Front 35

solution that resists a change in its pH when either hydroxide ions or protons are added

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buffered solution

Front 36

a unit of measurement for energy; 1 calorie is the quantity of energy required to heat one gram of water by one Celsius degree

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Calorie

Front 37

a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

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catalyst

Front 38

in a galvanic cell, the elctrode at which reduction occurs

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cathode

Front 39

positive ion

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cation

Front 40

the driving force in a galvanic cell that pushes electrons from the reducing agent in one compartment to the oxidizing agent in the other

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cell potential (electromotive force)

Front 41

a self-sustaining fissiion process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to splt other nuclei

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chain reaction (nuclear)

Front 42

the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins

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Charles's Law

Front 43

the change of substances into other substances through a reorganiztion of the atoms

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chemical change

Front 44

a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactants and product molecules

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chemical equation

Front 45

a dynamic reaction system in which the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant as a function of time

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chemical equilibrium

Front 46

a model based on the idea that molecules must collide to react

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collision model

Front 47

the vigorous and exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction that takes place between certain substances (organic compounds) and oxygen

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combustion reaction

Front 48

substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

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compound

Front 49

vapor molecules reform a liquid

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condensation

Front 50

the species formed when a proton is added to a base

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conjugated acid

Front 51

2 species related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton

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conjugate acid-base pair

Front 52

what remains of an acid molecule after a proton is lost

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conjugate base

Front 53

the process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere

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corrosion

Front 54

a type of bonding in which atoms share electrons

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covalent bonding

Front 55

for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone

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Dalton's law of partial pressures

Front 56

property of matter representing the mass per unit volume

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density

Front 57

process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution

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dilution

Front 58

the attractive force resulting when polar molecules line up such that the positive and negative ends are close to each other

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dipole-dipole attraction

Front 59

a bond in which 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

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double bond

Front 60

the ability to conduct an electric current

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electrical conductivity

Front 61

study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy

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electrochemistry

Front 62

a process that involves forcing a current through a cell to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction of occur

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electrolysis

Front 63

a negatively charged particle that occupies the space around the nucleus of an atom

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electron

Front 64

the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself

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electronegativity

Front 65

substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. it consists of atoms all having the same atomic number.

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element

Front 66

the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color

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end point

Front 67

refers to a reaction in which energy, heat, flows into the system

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endothermic

Front 68

the capacity to do work or to cause the flow of heat

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energy

Front 69

at constant pressure, the change in it equals the energy flow as heat

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enthalpy

Front 70

the value obtained when equilibrium concentrations of the chemical species are substituted into the euqilibrium expression

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equilibrium constant

Front 71

the expression equal to the product of the product concentrations divided by the product of the reactant concentrations, each concentration having first been raised to a power represented by the coefficient in the balanced equation

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equilibrium expression

Front 72

refers to a reaction in which energy, heat, flows out of the system

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exothermic

Front 73

the process of using a neutron to split a heavy nucleus into 2 nuclei with smaller mass numbers

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fission

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the process of combining 2 light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus

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fusion

Front 75

a device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used tot do work

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galvanic cell

Front 76

a high-energy photon produced in radioactive decay

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gamma ray

Front 77

a warming effect exerted by certain molecules in the earth's atmosphere (particularly carbon dioxide and water)

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greenhouse effect

Front 78

the time required for the number of nuclides in a radioactive sample to reach half the original number of nuclides

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half-life (of a radioactive sample)

Front 79

the 2 parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction

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half-reation

Front 80

interaction between solute particles and water molecules

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hydration

Front 81

unusually strong dipole-dipole attractions that occur among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom

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hydrogen bonding

Front 82

relatively weak interactions that occur between molecules

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intermolecular forces

Front 83

interactions that occur within a given molecule

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intramolecular forces

Front 84

an atom or a group of atoms that has a net postitive or negative charge

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ion

Front 85

the equilibrium constant for the auto-ionization of water; equals [H][OH]; at 25*C, equals 1.0 x 10^-14

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ion-product constant; kw

Front 86

the attraction between oppsitely charged ions

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ionic bonding

Front 87

the quantity of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion

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ionization energy

Front 88

atoms of the same element(the same number of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons. they have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers

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isotopes

Front 89

energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity

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kinetic energy

Front 90

if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the postition of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce the effect of that change

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Le Chatelier's principle

Front 91

a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule

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lewis structure

Front 92

the reactant that is completely comsumed when a reactant is run to completion

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limiting reactant (limiting reagent)

Front 93

the material of the universe

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matter

Front 94

an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and it typically lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity

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mteal

Front 95

an element that has both metallic and nonmetallic properties

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metalloid

Front 96

a unit of measurement for pressure, also called a torr

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millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

Front 97

the energy required to melt 1 mol of a solid

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molar heat of fusion

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the energy required to vaporize 1 mol of a liquid

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molar heat of vaporization

Front 99

moles of solute pervolume of solution in liters

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molarity

Front 100

the ratio of moles of one substance to moles of another substance in a balanced chemical equation

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mole ratio (stoichiometry)

Front 101

an acid-base equation

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neutralization reaction

Front 102

an element that doesn't exhibit metallic characteristics; typically accepts electrons from a metal

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nonmetal

Front 103

the number of equivalents of a substance dissolved in a liter of solution

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normality

Front 104

a representation of the space occupied by an eletron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron

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orbital

Front 105

loss of electrons

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oxidation

Front 106

a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred

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oxidation-reduction(redox)reaction

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a reactant that accepts electrons from another reactant

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oxidizing agent

Front 108

the independent pressures exerted by different gases in a mixture

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partial pressures

Front 109

the actual yield of a product as a percentage of the theoretical yield

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percent yield

Front 110

a long of scale based on 10 and equal to -log[H]; represent solution acidity

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pH scale

Front 111

a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other

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polar covalent bond

Front 112

a "particle" pf electromagnetic radiation

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photon

Front 113

a mode of nuclear decay in which a particle is formed that has the same mass as an electron but opposite charge. the net effect is to change a proton to a neutron

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positron production

Front 114

energy due to postition or composition

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potential energy

Front 115

a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus

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proton

Front 116

the spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus to form a different nucleus

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radioactive decay (radioactivity)

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a reactant that donates electrons to another substance, reducing the oxidation state of one of its atoms

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reducing agent (electron donor)

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gain of electrons

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reduction

Front 119

a U-tube containing an electrolyte that connects the two compartments of a galvanic cell, allowing ion flow without wextensive mixing of the different solutions

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salt bridge

Front 120

the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent or solution at a given temperature

Back 120

solubility

Front 121

the constant for the equilibrium expression representing the dissolving of an ionic solid in water

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solubility product

Front 122

a substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

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solute

Front 123

the dissolving medium in a solution

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solvent

Front 124

another name for specific heat capacity

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specific heat

Front 125

the condition 0*C and 1 atmophere of pressure

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STP

Front 126

an acid that completely dissociates (ionizes) to produce H ion and the conjugate base

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strong acid

Front 127

a metal hydroxide compound that completely dissociates into its ions in water

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strong base

Front 128

the process by which a substance goes directly from the solid state to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state

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sublimation

Front 129

a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another

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titration

Front 130

the characteristic reflecting the fact that any measurement involves estimates and cannot be exactly reproduced

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uncertainty

Front 131

an acid that dissociates only to a slight extent in a aqueous solution

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weak acid

Front 132

a base that reacts with water to produce gydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solution

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weak base

Front 133

a measure of randomness or disorder of a system

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entrophy