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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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On the periodic table, what is the trend for increase in EN
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On the periodic table, what is the trend for atomic radius?
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On the periodic table, what is the trend for increase in atomic mass?
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On the periodic table, what is the trend for increase in atomic number?
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What element are known as the "diatomic elements"?
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I, Br, Cl, F, O, N, H
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Which is the only element that can exist with no neutrons?
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Hydrogen
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Which element exists as a single proton (may have no electrons or neutrons)?
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Hydrogen (He is possible as a diproton, but it is EXTREMELY unstable)
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What is a nuclide?
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It is another name for isotope
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What is the mass number of an atom?
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The number of protons + neutrons
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Isotopes differ how?
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They differ in the number of neutrons
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What are nucleons?
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protons and neutrons
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What is the Bohr Model?
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It is a 2D representation of an atom, showing nucleus at center, with concentric rings encircling the nucleus, and each ring represents an energy level, where electrons reside.
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How many electrons are possible in each principle energy level of an atom?
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The the number of electrons in a principle energy level follows the formula 2(n)^2, where n is the principle energy level number.
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How do metals and nonmetals respond to excitation of their electrons?
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When the e's of metals are excited, they move to outer energy levels, then when they move back, they give off light energy. When e's of nonmetals are excited, they absorb heat, when the excitement decreases, they give off heat, because the energy wavelength is not from the visible spectrum.
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What is a physical change?
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A change that produces a recognizable difference in a substance, without changing its composition or identity (usu a state change)
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What is a chemical reaction?
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The process of adding, removing, replacing, or rearranging atoms, to produce a new substance
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What is an intensive property?
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a property that is independent of the quantity of the substance (e.g. density, BP, MP, specific gravity, etc)
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What is an extensive property?
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a property that is dependent on the quantity of the substance (e.g. mass, volume, etc)
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What is a pure substance?
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a substance that contains only 1 type of atom or molecule
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What is a mixture?
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a combination of one of more pure substances
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
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a mixture of uniform composition
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What is a heterogeneous mixture
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a mixture of nonuniform composition
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What is the specific gravity of a substance?
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It is the comparison of the density of that substance to the density of pure water at 4 degrees Celsius, in the forumula:
spec grav = density of subst (g/mL) / density of water (g/mL) It is a unitless number, because it is only a ratio |
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What are s, p, d, f, etc?
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They are sublevels (or sub energy levels) within a principle energy level, and each sublevel has a number of orbitals
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How many orbitals does a s subshell have?
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1
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How many orbitals does a p subshell have?
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3
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How many orbitals does a d subshell have?
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5
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How many orbitals does a f subshell have?
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7
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How many electrons can exist in an orbital?
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2 (and one has a clockwise spin, while the other has a counterclockwise spin)
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What are the mult-atomic elements?
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S8, O3, and P4
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What is the Aufbau principle?
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It is the "building up" principle...it tells you how electrons fill orbitals, successively: they will fill the lowest energy orbital available, and when multiple orbitals are present in a subshell, one electron goes into each orbital, until each orbital has an electron, then a second electron pairs up in each orbital. (use the hand drawn filling mnemonic to know the the order of energy for the subshells)
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What are the elements of column 1?
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Alkali metals
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What are the elements of column 2?
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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What are the elements of column 17 called?
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The halogens
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What are the elements of column 18 called?
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The Noble Gases
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What are the elements of columns 3 through 12 called?
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The transition metals
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What is "Ionization Energy"?
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The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state...and it increases from bottom to top and left to right on the PT.
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When an atom loses an electron, does it's radius get larger or smaller?
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Larger
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What is the octet rule?
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Atoms tend to try to gain or lose electrons, to achieve an electron Octet within it's outer shell. There are exceptions.
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What element MUST follow the octet rule?
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N, C, F, O
Mnemonic: Nasty Carbon Follows Octet |
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Which elements never follow the octet rule?
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H, He, Li, Be, and usually B
H & He only have 1s orbital - tries to fill with 2 e's Li and Be try to achieve He's config (1s orbital) He only has a 1s orbital - filled with 2 B fills with 6 electrons |
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When third row element are the "central atom" in a compound, do they follow or not follow the octet rule?
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They may have more than an octet of electrons. This is the most common exception to the octet rule.
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Which elements can expand their Octets by using their 3d orbitals?
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Si, P, S, and others (we won't worry about the others, for this course)
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When is the Aufbau principle not followed?
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It is not followed with bond formation
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What is the molarity of water?
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55.6M (where M is moles/Liter)
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What is the formula for the acetate ion?
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CH3CO2-
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What is the formula for the ammonium ion?
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NH4+
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What is the formula for the bicarbonate ion?
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HCO3-
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What is the formula for the carbonate ion?
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CO3 -2
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What is the formula for the chromate ion?
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CrO4 -2
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What is the formula for the cyanide ion?
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CN-
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What is the formula for the dichromate ion?
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Cr2O7 -2
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What is the formula for the dihydrogen phosphate ion?
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H2PO4-
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What is the formula for the hydrogen sulfate ion?
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HSO4-
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What is the formula for the hydrogen sulfite ion?
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HSO3-
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What is the formula for the hydronium ion?
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H3O+
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What is the formula for the hydroxide ion?
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OH-
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What is the formula for the monohydrogen phosphate ion?
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HPO4 -2
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What is the formula for the nitrate ion?
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NO3-
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What is the formula for the nitrite ion?
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NO2-
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What is the formula for the permanganate ion?
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MnO4-
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What is the formula for the phosphate ion?
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PO4 -3
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What is the formula for the sulfate ion?
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SO4 -2
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What is the formula for the sulfite ion?
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SO3 -2
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What are the two methods of naming transition metal ions?
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1) Stock method: Use the element name, and then its oxidation number in parentheses: ex. Fe+3 = Iron (III)
2) Common method: uses the suffixes -ous, and -ic; where -ous is used for the lowest oxidation state, and -ic is used for the highest oxidation state. |
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How do you name non-transition metal ions (i.e. those of colums I and II)?
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You just use their name...you don't need to indicate oxidation state, because each ion has only 1 possible oxidation state.
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What is the value of pKw?
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14 = pH + pOH
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What is the human body's extreme pH range, outside of which death occurs?
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pH = 6.8 to 7.8
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What are the steps to calculate the oxidation states of each atom of a polyatomic molecule?
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1) Assign the most EN element its normal oxidation # according to the PT
2) Assign the most EP element its normal oxidation # from the PT. 3) Assign the remaining atom an oxidation number that will balance the charges to the molecule's net charge. |
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What is an Arrhenius acid?
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A substance that, when dissolved in water, forms hydrogen ions (i.e. protons or H+ ions).
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What is an Arrhenius base?
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A substance that, when dissolved in water, forms hydroxide ions (i.e. OH- ions).
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What is a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
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It is a proton donor
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What is a Bronsted-Lowry base?
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It is a proton acceptor
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A protonated weak base (drug), when added to water, acts like a ___?
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weak acid
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What is Ka
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The dissociation constant of an acid: = [H+] [A-] / [HA]
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If an acid has a high pKa, what kind of acid is it?
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weak
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If an acid has a low pKa, what kind of acid is it?
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strong
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What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?
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pH = pKa + log ( [A-] / [HA] )
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What is the significance, when pH=pKa?
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at this point, the [A-] = [HA]
(i.e. the concentration of the protonated form is equal to the concentration of the unprotonated form) |
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How do you determine the ratio of unprotonated to protonated form of a drug?
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10^(pH - pKa) = [A-] / [HA]
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What are the bond angles in a trigonal planar molecule?
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120 deg
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What are the bond angles in a tetrahedral molecule?
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109.5 deg
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What are the bond angles in an octahedral molecule?
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90 deg
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What are the bond angles in a trigonal pyramidal molecue (e.g. NH3)?
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107 deg
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What are the bond angles in water (bent)?
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104 deg
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How do you name a metal ion?
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Use it's elemental name + ion
Ex. Sodium ion |
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How do you name nonmetal ions?
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Use the stem name combined with the suffix -ide + the word ion.
Ex. Chloride ion = Cl- |
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What is a pure covalent bond?
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Both atoms share the electron pair equally (i.e. each ion is equal in EN)
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At what EN difference does a bond become ionic?
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above 1.7
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What is a "coordinate covalent bond"?
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A bond where a lone pair of electrons is share with an electron deficient atom or molecule.
Ex. NH3 + H+ = NH4+ |
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What are the non-covalent intermolecular interaction types?
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1) electrostatic interactions (strongest)
2) Hydrogen bonding (intermediate) 3) van der Waals forces (weakest) |
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What hydrogen attached molecules can form "hydrogen bonds"?
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O, N, & F
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How does hydrogen bonding work?
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The three atoms, O, N, and F are EN enough to pull electrons far enough away from hydrogen, that the positive charge that the bonded hydrogen has, can form a very strong attraction to the lone pair electrons on another hydrogen bonded O, N, of F atom.
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What are van der Waals forces also known as?
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London forces
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What are van der Waals forces?
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the sum of the attractive and repulsive forces between induced dipoles. Hydrophobic interactions are of this type, and with long hydrocarbon chains, the sum of attractions can be strong.
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What is the Tyndall effect?
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It is the scattering of light by colloid-sized particles. True solutions do not scatter light.
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Transition metals form (strong or weak) acids or bases?
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Weak
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When you have a drug that is a salt-halide or a salt-phosphate (like MS), and you put it into water, what happens to the pH?
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It goes down, because the drug is protonated...and it is a weak acid...so, some of the acid with dissociate, releasing protons, decreasing pH.
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What is a solution?
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A homogeneous (or uniform) mixture of two or mor solutes dissoved in a solvent
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What is a solvent?
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The component of a solution that is present in the largest quantity
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What is a solute?
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A component of a solution that is present in a lesser quantity than the solvent
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What is an aqueous solution?
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A solution in which water is the solvent
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What is a "true solution"?
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A homogeneous mixture with uniform properties. The solute cannot be isolated by filtration. The particle size of the solute is about the same as the size of the solvent. And, the solute will not "settle out" of the solvent.
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Are volumes of solutes and solvents additive?
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No. When the molecules of solute and solvent mix, the way they "fit together" determines the resulting volume.
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What is a liquid solution?
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A clear, transparent solution, with no visible particles of solutes, which may be colored or colorless.
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What are the different types of liquid solutions?
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1) Pure substance
2) True solution 3) Colloid |
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What is the size range of colloid particles in a colloid solution?
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1nm to 200nm
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What does EN or (E subscript n) mean?
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This is shorthand notation for electronegativity, which is the measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons within a chemical bond.
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What are the value ranges for EN?
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0.7 to 4.0
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What is △EN?
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The difference between the electronegativities of two atoms bonded to each other. It basically tells you how polar a bond is.
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What is the approximate bond angle of the angular (aka bent) molecule, H₂O?
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104.5° rounded off = 105°
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What is the approximate bond angle of the angular (aka bent) molecule, H₂S?
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less than 120°
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What is the approximate bond angle of a tetrahedral molecule, such as CH4?
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109°
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What is the approximate bond angle of a trigonal planar molecule, such as BF３?
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less than 120°
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What is the approximate bond angle of a trigonal pyramidal molecule, such as NH３?
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107°
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What is the length of a H-O bond in H2O?
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0.99 angstroms. However, this length varies greatly, especially as temp increases, as the molecule is in constant motion.
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What are the different names of the types of movements a molecules bonds move in, given by Dr Rodriguez?
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in plane "wagging"...scissor effect... out of plane "wagging"... rotation... and atoms get closer together and further apart from each other...kind of like vibrations.
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What structural entities do VSEPR structures include that are not included in general molecular structures?
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unpaired electron densities (aka "lone pair" electrons)
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What is an Arrhenius acid?
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A substance that, when dissolved in water, forms hydrogen ions.
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What is an Arrhenius base?
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A substance that, when dissolved in water, forms hydroxide ions.
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What is a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
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A substance that donates hydrogen ions.
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What is a Bronsted-Lowry base?
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A substance that accepts hydrogen ions.
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