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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does temperature affect rate of reaction?
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Higher temperature = faster reaction
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How does concentration affect rate of reaction?
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Higher concentration = faster reaction
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How does molecular structure affect rate of reaction?
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Protonated or deprotonated structures are more reactive
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How do catalysts affect rate of reaction?
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Lowers activation energy allowing reaction to happen faster and easier
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"Lock and key" fit enzyme:
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Only fits certain substrates and does not recognize the others
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Induced fit enzyme
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Flexibility in protein - able to mold to fit substrate
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Cofactors
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Metals or small nonprotein organic molecules required for protein to do its job. No catalytic function w/o cofactor
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Reversible competitive inhibition/regulator
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Competition with substrate at the active site
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Reversible noncompetitive inhibition/regulator
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Allosteric -- inhibitor binds to a place not on the active site
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Irreversible inhibition/regulator
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Locks up and kills enzyme -- suicide inhibitors
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Regulators that bind allosteric enzymes:
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Positive: increasing rate -- activates to do better
Negative: decreases rate -- inhibitory action Feedback control: when the end product regulates enzyme action -- negative regulator |
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Oxidoreductases
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Catalyze redox reactions
- Dehydrogenase (removes H atoms to form double bond) - Oxidase (oxidizes a substance) - Reductase (reduces a substance) |
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Transferases
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Catalyze the transfer of atoms
- Kinase (moves phosphate groups) - Transaminase (moves amino groups between molecules) |
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Hydrolases
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Catalyze hydrolysis reactions
- Peptidase (hydrolyzes peptide bonds) - Lipase (hydrolyzes ester bonds in lipids) Amylase (1,4-glycosidic bonds in amylase) |
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Lyases
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Catalyze addition and elimination reactions without hydrolysis or oxidation, may result in double bond
- Decarboxlyase (removes CO2) - Hydrase (adds H2O) - Dehydrase (adds H2O) - Deaminase (removes NH2) |
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Isomerases
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Catalyze isomerizations
- Epimerases (D --> L) - Isomerases (cis --> trans) |
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Ligases
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Catalyze the formation of bonds b/n two small molecules to form a large molecule. Uses ATP
- Synthetases (combine molecules) - Carboxylases (add CO2) |
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3 stages of metabolism
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1. Digestion by hydrolysis (carbs, lipids, proteins)
2. Degredation/oxidation (glycolysis for carbs) 3. Oxidation to CO2, H2O, and energy (citric acid cycle, electron transport chain) |
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Metabolism of one glucose
ATP NADH+H+ FADH2 |
Glycolysis:
- 2 ATP - 2 NADH+H+ Pyruvate-acetyl CoA: - 2 NADH+H+ Kreb's: - 2 ATP - 6 NADH+H+ - 2 FADH2 |
