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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Definition: Amplitude

The vertical height of a crest in a wave

Definition: Wavelength

Symbol: λ (lambda)


The distance between adjacent crests in a wave

Short wavelength waves have ______ energy than long wavelength waves

greater

Definition: Frequency

Symbol: ν (nu)
Unit: cycles/s or hertz, Hz (1 cycle/s)
The number of cycles (or wave crests) that pass through a stationary point in a given period of time

Equation for frequency of a wave

v = speed of wave / wavelength (λ)


for light: v = c/λ where c = speed of light


(frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength)

Definition: Electromagnetic spectrum

The range of the wavelengths of all possible electromagnetic radiation

Definition: Gamma rays

Symbol: γ


Electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength. Produced by stars and certain unstable atomic nuclei

Definition: X-Rays

Electromagnetic radiation with the second shortest wavelength.

Definition: Ultraviolet radiation

Symbol: UV


Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between visible light and X-rays

Definition: Visible light

Electromagnetic radiation in the middle of the spectrum. Ranges from violet (shortest wavelength) to red (longest wavelength)

Definition: Infrared radiation

Symbol: IR


Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between Microwaves and visible light. We feel it as heat.

Definition: Microwaves

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between Infrared and Radio waves (2nd longest)

Definition: Radio waves

Electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelength

Definition: Constructive interference

When waves are in phase, aligned with overlapping crests, to produce a wave with twice the amplitude

Definition: Destructive interference

When waves are completely out of phase, the crest of one aligns with the trough of another, so that the waves cancel

Definition: Diffraction

When a wave encounters a slit that is comparable in size to its wavelength and it bends around it (on the other hand a particle would go through in a straight path)

Definition: Photoelectric effect

An effect that occurs with certain metals. The metal emits electrons when light shines on them. Proved that light energy came in packets.

Definition: Quantum

A discrete particle. Plural is quanta

Definition: Photon

A packet, quantum, of light.

Equations for energy of a photon

E = hv or E = hc/λ because v = c/λ


h = Planck's constant = 6.626 x 10^-34 J·s

Definition: Wave-particle duality

A quantum-mechanical property of both particles and waves where they sometimes act like a wave and sometimes like a particle, depending on the context in which you observe them

Definition: Atomic spectroscopy

The study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms

Definition: Emission Spectrum

The series of colored lines that are produced when light given off by an object is passed through a prism

Bohr's atomic model

Electrons are located in orbits around the nucleus. Each orbit has fixed energy, and electrons staying in their orbit do not emit energy. They only emit energy when they instantaneously jump from one orbit to another (causing the emission spectrum). An electron is never between orbits.

Definition: Complementary properties

Properties for which if you know one more accurately you know the other less accurately. Notable examples in quantum mechanics: position and velocity, position and energy

Definition: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

The more accurately you know the position of an electron the less accurately you can know its velocity and vice verse. (Velocity is related to its wave nature and position is related to its particle nature and it is impossible to observe its wave and particle nature at the same time)

Definition: Orbital

A probability distribution map of an electron's location. Because it has a well-known energy we cannot know its position accurately, only where it has a probability of being.

Definition: Principal quantum number

Symbol: n


Determines the overall size and energy of an orbital.


n equals positive integers (1,2,3...)



Definition: Angular momentum quantum number

Symbol: l


Determines the shape of the orbital.


l equals positive integers and zero (0, 1, 2... up to n-1, so if n=1 l can only be zero)

Letter designation for orbital shapes (l #'s)

l = 0, s


l = 1, p


l = 2, d


l = 3, f


l = 4, g

Definition: Magnetic quantum number

Symbol: ml


Determines the orientation of the orbital. Values range from -l to +l. Ex: if l = 2 possible values for ml are -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

Definition: Spin quantum number

Symbol: ms


Defines the orientation of the spin of the electron, either spin up ms = 1/2 or spin down ms = -1/2

Definition: Principal level or principal shell

Orbitals with the same n value are in the same principal level or shell

Definition: Sublevel or subshell

Associated with l value. Orbitals with the same n and l values are in the same sublevel/shell.

Definition: Node

A point where a wave function goes to zero.  Also means it's probability density goes to zero.

A point where a wave function goes to zero. Also means it's probability density goes to zero.

Significance of Schrödinger's equation

HΨ = EΨ where Ψ = wave function (mathematical description of the wavelike nature of an electron)


Solutions to the equation define regions of space around the nucleus that have a great probability of containing an electron. i.e. an orbital

Definition: Degenerate

Having equal energy

All s subshells have ____ orbital(s)

One

One

All p subshells have ____ orbital(s)

Three

Three

All d subshells have ____ orbital(s)

Five

Five

All f subshells have ____ orbital(s)

Seven

Seven