Chem Ch 22

Front 1

What are the main functions for DNA and RNA?

Back 1

DNA- storage form of info used to make proteins (blueprint)

RNA-synthesis of proteins, regulates gene expression, enzymes (actually makes proteins)

Front 2

What are the repeating units in a nucleic acid polymer?

Back 2

nucleotides-DNA and RNA

Front 3

What are the three parts to a nucleotide?

Back 3

monosaccharide

a nitrogen-containing base

phospate group

Front 4

What are two structural differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 4

RNA is single stranded
globular
short

DNA is double stranded
helix
long

Front 5

What nitrogen bases are present in DNA?

Back 5

A, G, C, T

Front 6

What nitrogen bases are present in RNA?

Back 6

A, G, C, U

Front 7

How are nucleotides linked to make a polymer?

Back 7

by joining the 3'-OH group of one nucleotide with the 5'-phosphate of a second nucleotide in a phosphodiester

Front 8

What are the two different ends of the polymer called?

Back 8

5 prime end

3 prime end

Front 9

What is the importance of the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA?

Back 9

the sequence of the bases carries the genetic info of the organism

Front 10

What is the primary structure of a nucleic acid?

Back 10

the sequence of nitrogen bases from the 5'prime end to the 3' prime end

Front 11

What is the secondary structure for DNA?

Back 11

double stranded

helix

relatively long

Front 12

The two strands in a DNA polymer run in...

Back 12

opposite directions

Front 13

Which groups are on the outside of the DNA polymer?

Which groups are on the inside?

Back 13

Outside: sugar phosphate backbone

Inside: bases

Front 14

Which nitrogen bases pair off in DNA?

Back 14

A-T

C-G

Front 15

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Back 15

23 pairs

Front 16

Replication is a semiconservative process. What does this mean?

Back 16

the original DNA molecule forms two DNA molecules

each of which contains one strand from the parent DNA and one new strand

Front 17

What is a gene?

Back 17

a portion of the DNA molecule responsible for the synthesis of a single protein

Front 18

Which enzyme catalyzes the replication process?

Back 18

DNA polymerase

Front 19

In which direction does replication occur?

Back 19

always occurs in the same direction

from the 3' to 5' end of the template strand

Front 20

What are the three major types of RNA

Back 20

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 21

Function of Ribosomal RNA

rRNA

Back 21

the most abundant type of RNA

provides the site where polypeptides are assembled during protein synthesis

Front 22

Function of Messenger RNA

mRNA

Back 22

the carrier of info from DNA to the ribosomes

the sequence of nulceotides in the mRNA molecule determines the amino acid sequence in a paticular protein

Front 23

Function of Transfer RNA

tRNA

Back 23

the smallest type of RNA

interprets the genetic info in mRNA and brings specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome

Front 24

What fraction of the nitrogen bases in DNA code for protein synthesis?

Back 24

1-2%

Front 25

Which DNA strand is used to transcribe RNA?

What is the name of the strand that is not used?

Back 25

parent DNA

daughter DNA

Front 26

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes transcription?

Back 26

RNA polymerase

Front 27

Which DNA strand is used to transcribe RNA?

What is the name of the strand that is not used?

Back 27

template strand-used

informational strand- not used

Front 28

Which structure contains an anticodon?

Back 28

tRNA

Front 29

What is the purpose of the anticodon?

Back 29

to identify individual amino acids

Front 30

Which structure contains a codon?

Back 30

mRNA

Front 31

What is the function of the codon?

Back 31

codes for a specific amino acid


determines the order of amino acids in the protein

Front 32

Which amino acid is always the 1st one incorporated into a protein?

Back 32

methionine

Front 33

What is a mutation?

Back 33

a change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of DNA

Front 34

Explain what must happen in order for a mutation to be passed on to the next generation.

Back 34

The mutation has to occur in an egg or sperm cell

Front 35

List four things that can cause a mutation.

Back 35

random events

mutagens-chemical subst that alter the structure of DNA

exposure to high-energy radiation such as x-rays or ultraviolet light

viruses

Front 36

What are three types of mutations?

Back 36

point

deletion

insertion

Front 37

What are three effects that a mutation can have on an organism?

Back 37

neligible

minimal

catastrophic

the mutation has no effect

the effect varies with the protein

protein synthesis stops and the effects may be catastrophic