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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
base unit
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defined unit in a systemof measurement/based on an object or event in physical world
-independent of other units |
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SI Base Units: name them for each of the following:
time length mass temperature amt. of a substance electric current luminous intesity |
-TIME: second (frequency of microwae radation given by cesium-133 atom)
-LENGTH:meter(distance light travels through a vacuum in 1/299729458 seconds) -MASS:kilogram(defined by platinum-iridium metal cylinder) -TEMPERATURE: kelvin -AMT OF SUBSTANCE: mole (mol) -ELECTRIC CURRENT: ampere (A) -LUMINOUS INTENSITY: candela (cd) |
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ratio for density
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g/cm^3
density=mass/volume |
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Giga-scientific notation and symbol
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10^9, G
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mega
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10^6, M
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kilo
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10^3, k
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deci
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10^-1, d
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centi
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10^-2, c
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milli
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10^-3, m
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micro
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10^-6, u
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nano
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10^-9, n
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pico
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10^-12, p
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derived unit
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a unit that is defined by a combination of base units
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write the scientific notation for 428900000
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4.289 x 10^8
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multiplying scientific notations: multiply (2x10^3)(3x10^2)
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multiply numbers 2x3=6
add exponents: 3+2=5 ->6x10^5 |
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dividing scientific notations: divide (9x10^8)/(3x10^-4)
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divide numbers:9/3=3
add subtract exponents: 8- -4=12 ->3x10^12 |
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conversion factor
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ratio of equivalent values used to express the same quantity in different units
-always equal to one |
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dimensional analysis
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method of problem-solving that focuses on the units used to describe matter.
-ex: if you want to convert temp in *C to Kelvins, focus on the relationship between the units in the two temp scales |
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Accuracy
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how close a measured value is to an accepted value
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precision
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how close a series of measurements are to another
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equation for percent error
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%error=(
error/accepted value)x100 |
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significant figures
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includes all the known digits plus ONE estimated one.
-72.3=3 sig figs -60.5=3 sig figs -6.20=3 sig figs -0.0253=3 sig figs -4230=3 sig figs -counting numbers/defined constants have infinite number sig figs. |
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substance
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matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition
-aka pure substance -ex: table salt/water |
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physical property
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a characteristic that can be observed without changing the sample's composition
-ex: density, c olor, odor, taste, hardness, melting point, boiling point |
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extensive property
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-a physical property
-dependent upon amount of substance present -length and volume are examples |
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intensive property
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-physical property
-independent of amount of substance present -ex: desntiy is the same no matter how much there is |
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chemical property
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ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances
-ex: ability of iron to form rust when combined with air |
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states of matter: name the three big ones
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-all matter that exists on earth is either a solid, liquid, or gas
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physical changes
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changing a substance without altering its composition
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chemical change
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aka "chemical reaction"
-changing a substance or substances into new substances |
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law of conservation of mass
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mass is neither created or destroyed during a chemical reaction-it is conserved.
Mass (reactants)=mass(products) |
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mixture
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combination of two or more substances
-each substance retains its individual chemical properties |
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name the types of mixtures
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heterogenous
homogenous solution |
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heterogenous mixture
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a mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout adn which the individual substances remain distinct
-ex: sand/water mixture ex: fresh squeezed orange juice (juice and pulp) -ex: pizza w/ pepperoni and cheese |
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homogenous mixture
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-constant composition throughout
-aka "solutions" -ex: lemonade |
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alloy
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solid-to solid solution (homogenous mixture of metals, or mixture of metal and nonmetal)
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name the four techniques to seperate mixtures
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filtration
distillation cyrstallization chromatography |
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filtration
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technique that used a porous barrier to seperate a solid from a liquid
ex: a cone in which the solid/liquid mixture is poured into and the liquid seeps through but the solid does not |
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Distillation
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seperation technique for mixtures based on differences in teh boiling points of the substances involved
-a mixture is heated unti lteh substance w/ the lowest boiling point boils to a vapor that is then condensed to a liquid and collected |
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crystallization
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seperation technique for mixtures that results in teh formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containg the dissolved substnace. eventually crystals form
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chromatography
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seperates the components of amixture on the bases of teh tendancy of each to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.
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element
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pure substance that cannot be seperated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
-91 occur naturally |
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periodic table: name for the horizontal rows/name for the vertical columns
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rows: periods
columns: groups or families -elements in same group have similar chemical/physical properties |
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COMPOUND
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combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically
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law of definite proportions
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regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of teh same elements in the same proportion by mass .
% by mass=mass of element/mass of compound x100 |
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law of multiple proportions
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when different compounds are formed by a co mbination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with teh same relative mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers
-ex: water, H:O> 2:1 |
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Dalton's atomic theory:
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-atoms
-all atoms of one element are exactly identical in every way -atoms can't be mad, divided, or destroyed -diff. atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to make compounds -in chemical reaction: atoms are seperated, combined, rearranged |
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who was the first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible? -first proposed the idea of "atomos"
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Democritus
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atom
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smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element
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electrons/what tool was used to discover these electrons?
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negatively charge dparticles that are part of all forms of matter
-cathode ray tube |
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Robert Millikan
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-first determined teh mass of an electron
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proton
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subatomic particle carrying a charge equal to but opposite of that of an electron
-positive charge of 1+ |
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neutron
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mass nearly equal to that of a proton's...but it carries no electrical charge
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atomic number
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number of protons in an atom
atomic#=#protons=#electrons |
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isotopes
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atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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mass number
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sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
ex: potassium isotope w/ 19 protons and 20 neutrons has mass number of 39. -Ex: potassium isotope w/ 19 protons and 22 neutrons=41 mass number |
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atomic mass
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the weighteed average mass of the isotopes of that element.
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#45
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is D
..according to natalie :) haha |
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mole
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SI base unit used to measure amount of a substance
-one mole of anything contains 6.022 x 10^23 representative particles |
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avogadro's number
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6.022 x 10^23
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molar mass
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mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance
-molar mass of any element is numerically equal to its atomic mass an dhas the units g/mol |
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chugga-chugga-choo choo
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..you need a break every once in a while
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ESTUDIA, NINA, ESTUDIA!!
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tu vas a estar muy inteligente ya tu continuar a estudiar chemistry. pero tu vas a estar un gato feo y gordo ya tu te casas TRENTO SMITHO. pero ya tu te casas JAMES FRANCO, yo voy a estar te BRIDESMAID
alright. thats enough. i need to keep chugga-chugga-in my brain now you see what happens when i get bored. the end. |