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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1940s
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decade when antibiotics became more prevalent
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urine
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a once major method of disease detection
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King Charles II
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person treated by Sir Charles Scarburgh for 'disrupted humors' (convulsions); eventually went into a coma and died
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Sir Charles Scarburgh
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treated King Charles II for convulsions; led 14 physicians in bloodletting; gave the King a stone from the stomach of a goat, shaved his head and applied plasters that contained Spanish fly, and a substance from the crushed skull of an "innocent man"
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uroscopy
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the study of urine
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uroscopy flask
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an item that used to be a symbol for doctors
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uroscopy wheels
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charts displaying the different possible colours of urine; used to diagnose problems (but not all problems could be treated)
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brown urine
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colour indicative of a liver problem
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red urine
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colour indicative of bleeding
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bright yellow urine
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colour indicative of excess vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
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Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)
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techniques used today to analyze urine; can measure molecules in ppb
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147
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number of different compounds in urine, as shown by GCMS
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St. Sebastien
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a saint that was believed to have curative powers; he was killed by the Romans with arrows
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47 years
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average life expectancy for men in North America in 1890s
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80 years
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current life expectancy for men and women in North America
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maternal mortality rate
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decreased from 50/10000 in 1940s to 1/10000 in 1980s because of increased use of antibiotics
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Andorra
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country with the highest life expectancy of 84 years
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Canada
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country with the 8th highest life expectancy of 81 years
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world average life expectancy
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67 years
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Swaziland
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country with the lowest life expectancy; 40 years
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USA
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country with the 25th highest life expectancy in the world
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Russia
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country with a life expectancy of 66 because of the prevalence of drinking problems
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high child mortality rate
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reason that African countries have, on average, the lowest life expectancy; due to malaria
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16%
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estimated percentage of people in the US that will be over the age of 65 in 2020
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28%
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estimated percentage of people in Japan that will be over the age of 65 in 2020
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9%
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estimated percentage of the world population that iwl be over the age of 65 in 2020
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Misao Okawa
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a Japanese woman that is believed to be the oldest living person in the world; 115yo
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Marie-Louise Meilleur
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the oldest person ever on record in Canada; she was from Koumaraska, Quebec; was 117yo when she passed away in 1998
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Jeanne Calment
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the oldest person ever on record; she was 122 when she passed away in 1997; she remembered meeting Van Gogh at the age of 13, he came to her father's art store and she described him as "dirty, badly dressed and disagreeable"; she smoked cigarettes until the age of 100 and ate chocolate regularly
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91%
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the chance that a 20yo has a living grandmother
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83%
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the chance that a 20yo a century ago had a living mother
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Spanish Flu pandemic
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occurred in 1918, caused a large drop in life expectancy; killed more than the total victims of WW1, WW2, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War (in 1 year); est. 30-50 million deaths; in Oct 1918, 500 thousand Americans died
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respiratory deaths
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kills 5 million each year
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diarrheal deaths
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kills 3 million each year
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tuberculosis
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kills 3 million each year
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HIV
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kills 2 million each year
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1911 Flu Epidemic
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a smaller epidemic; a New York boy kept a diary of it; it was Dr. Harpp's FATHER; he noted 5 deaths in a town of 200-300
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Kemps Balsam
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the remedy that the diary mentions; it was probably not very useful as a cure
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bacterial pneumonia
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infection that caused most of the deaths in the 1918 Spanish flu; caused when the virus wiped out the bronchial cells in the lungs, where normally harmless bacteria from the nose and mouth then invade and multiply
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smallpox
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a virus that was completely eradicated via vaccinations (a non-drug method); Queen Mary II died of it at age 32
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WHO
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claims that 40 million lives have been saved in the last 20 years with the use of vaccines
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Polio
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a disease that is nearly eradicated; eradicated from the Americas as of 1991; reduced to around 4000 cases around the world
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
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a bacterial infection; has been recently controlled using a multi-drug therapy; in the 1980s 12 million were affected; presently less than 1 million are affected; eradicated in the Americas 20 years ago
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Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)
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disease prevalent in regions of India and Africa; caued by a water flea which carries a nematode larvae; ingestion of the nematode causes it to remain in the host for ~1 year; emerges from the foot of the host; can be completely eradicated by filtering the water with a cheap cheese cloth
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Carter Center
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an organization focused on eradicating Guinea Worm Disease worldwide
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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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organization focused on eradicating Guinea Worm Disease worldwide
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Chagas Disease
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also known as the kissing disease; caused by the "assassin bug" or "kissing bug" and the parasite transmitted by it (Trypanosoma cruzi); symptoms occur 10-20 years following the bite; prevented by insecticides; still reported by some of the Southern states; can be treated by a molecule that suppresses cysteine protease
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Charles Darwin
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man that described Trypanosoma cruzi in his journals
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Balloon Angioplasty
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a technique used to widen the esophagus; sometimes used after a fungal infection; requires the use of sedatives such as Librium or Valium; produces desired effect very rapidly (13 minutes)
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Roto-router treatment
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a rotating ball or disc that enlarges the tissue of the esophagus; can also cause some tissue scarring; requires the use of sedatives and works very quickly
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Sir William Osler
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member of the McGill Faculty of Medicine, 1874; essentially started medical education in North America at McGill and Johns Hopkins; he used the then-revolutionary method of talking and listening to his patients
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drug
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a chemical agent that affects living matter
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placebo
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any preparation that, in a person's mind, has a beneficial effect on his or her well-being; the effect accounts for 30% of the effectiveness of drugs
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Prescription drug market
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350 billion in North America last year
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over the counter (OTC) drug market
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about 10% of the prescription drug market; 30 billion dollars in North America
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16
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number of beer recipes the Sumerians had
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Sumerians
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the first to think about medication 2200BC
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poppy
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flower from which opium is extracted; the active ingredient is morphine
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Hippocrates (460-730BC)
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a famous Greek physician; he tried to exclude superstition from his methods; tried to cure baldness with snake, lion, and hippopotamus fat; his cure for night blindness with Ox liver is notable because it could have worked (lots of vitamin A); he also used poppy juice and fly excrement to calm babies
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Galen (~131 AD)
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a Greek physician that believed money had no place in medicine; he worked with the Gladiators in Rome, and called wounds "windows into the body"
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Clinical Trials
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considered to be the "gold standard" by the FDA to test the effectiveness of a drug; they were not conducted until the recent past; there are passages from the Bible that resemble the first form of clinical testing, where people checked what foods were good to eat over ten days
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Placebo effect
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also called the placebo response; studies concerned with it tend to oppose drug studies; approximately 30% of the people taking the placebo in the drug study will feel better; shown to play a large role in antidepressants
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Amir Raz
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a McGill professor doing research on the Placebo Effect
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Dioscorides (40-90AD)
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near present day Syria and Turkey; he wrote De Materia Medica, a large tome with information about plants and their pharmaceutical effects, including strawberry, beet, opium, wormwood, Arum dioscordies, and saffron
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wormwood
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used in Absinthe; it is not addictive
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Arum dioscordies
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a plant that was used as an expectorant (forces one to spit and cough)
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saffron
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can be used to make tea; the root taken with Passum is a diuretic
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Passum
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a sweet drink made from wine
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iodine and alcohol
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used to kill bacteria in open cuts
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smelling salts
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ammonium carbonate; the strong smell is used to wake people up
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Pharmakon
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a Greek word that means drug
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Maimonides
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a doctor in the 1135-1204 period who was well known for writing about the practice of medicine; there is a statue of him in Cordoba, Spain; he prescribed broth of fowl to treat leprosy, hemorrhoids, cold, and constipation; there is also a hospital in his name in Montreal
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Avicenna
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a docto in the 1135-1204 period who was well known for writing about the practice of medicine
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Moors
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brought the logical culture of medicine back to Spain from the Arabic world, where is spread to the rest of Europe
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Paracelcus (1493-1541)
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aka Philip von Hohenheim; he wrote significantly in medicine; he invented ether as an anaesthetic years before it became common practice by treating alcohol with acids; wrote a lot in code; caused his discoveries to be lost; railed against the Doctrine of Humors; one of the first people to value experimentation; "only the dose makes the poison"
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Doctrine of Humors
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stipulated that the body consisted of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile, and that each element corresponded to earth elements such as air, water, earth, and fire
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ABT-594
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a compound found in Epipedobates tricolor (a Panamanian frog) that is 200 times more efecteive than morphine in preventing pain and is non-addictive; natives learned how to use this compound for hunting large animals
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Mandrake root
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a plant thought to have great powers because it resembles a human body in its structure; it was involved in many ceremonies and is mentioned in Genesis 30:14; in reality it does not treat anything
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blood transfusions
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sharing of blood between individuals during extreme blood loss; it was quite failure prone before the idea of blood typing was fully understood; even animals used to be used
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Doctrine of Signatures
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established by Jakob Bohme (1575-1624), a German shoemaker; his ideas influenced the philosophers Hegel and Schopenhauer; the idea was that God marked everything with a sign; e.g. walnuts are good for the brain because they look like brains
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carrots
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known from the middle ages to be good for the eyes
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Bezoar stone
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a kidney stone from a goat; it was thought to be an antidote for the Black Plague, and was worn around the neck
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nails added to wine
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thought to be good for the blood; it is somewhat true because the iron dissolved into the wine could be useful
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Ipecac
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a plant remedy; it is a emetic (causes instantaneous vomiting)
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Aconite
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a plant remedy; it is the poison used by Romeo in the play
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Foxglove plant
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a plant remedy which assisted the condition once known as Dropsy, where one would drop to their knees due to fluid accumulation (such that the heart cannot circulate blood properly); the condition is now known as congestive heart failure
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Lanoxin (Digoxin)
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a medication used for the failing heart and is derived from the foxglove plant
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WIlliam WIthering
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published some of the first medical articles ever, such as "An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses" and "A botanical arrangement of all the vegetables growing in Great Britain"
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Erasmus Darwin
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the grandfather of Charles Darwin; was a competitor of Withering and insisted he get some credit for the Foxglove discovery; scientific discoveries occasionally happen simultaneously, as with the MRI
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Medical Journals (Repositories)
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began circulating around 1800; included things like the summary of the benefits of manure use in agriculture, and the Plague of Athens (likely caused by the Ebola virus)
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malaria
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a parasitic disease; 50% of children in Congo are affected; causes brain damage to the human host; carried by the Anopheline mosquito; slows the economic growth of Africa at the rate of over 1% a year; 120M cases/year; 1 million child deaths a year
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380
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number of species of Anopheline mosquitoes
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60
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number of species of Anopheline mosquito that can transmit malaria successfully
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quinine
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early cure for malaria; extracted from the bark and leaves of the Cinchona plant; 6% of the bark is alkaloid (high concentration); first synthesized in the lab in 1944
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Pelletier and Caventou
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first to efficiently purify quinine from bark in 1820
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tonic water
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a beverage that contains quinine; it was drunk with gin by British soldiers to prevent malaria
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DDT
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the most effective method of malaria prevention; it is not toxic to humans, but causes bird eggs to crack prematurely, this resulted in its ban; it is still allowed in some countries; it has saved more lives than any other substance
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insecticide-treated nets
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a prevention method for the spread of malaria; it is very effective; opposed by Professor Jeff Sachs of Columbia University
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Genetically modified parasite resistant mosquitoes
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a possible method of prevention that is not fully supported
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Samuel Hahnemann (1800s)
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proposed that "like cures like", which is the essence and foundation of homeopathy
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homeopathy
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the practice that uses incredibly dilute substances (so dilute that there might not be one molecule of the original substance left) to "treat" diseases; all benefits are likely placebo
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Friedrich Serturner
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first purified morphine in 1805; however it was known for a long time that poppy could cure pain
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Dr Joseph Lister
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discovered that spraying Phenol (an antiseptic) in the air would greatly reduce post-surgery infections; he later realized that this was unnecessary and that washing hands and wearing gloves sufficed
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Thomas Roddick
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introduced antisepsis to Canada after studying with Lister; by 1910 operating rooms were completely changed and resemble the ones of today
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Phenol
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carbolic acid; it was so popular that people would burn carbolic smoke balls and breath in the smoke; this claimed to cure a lot of diseases
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Listerine
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named after Joseph Lister; in the mid-1900s it was used for dandruff control and as a deodorant; it contains thymol and alcohol (27%)
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thymol
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a closely related molecule to phenol; it is also an antiseptic compound
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propofol
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also called milk of amnesia; is a substance related to phenol; it is an anesthetic and killed Michael Jackson
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