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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

photosynthesis

-take up CO2 and produce O2

Agricultural Science

-based on photosynthesis


-before 70% of people were farmers now 2%


-modern fertilizer and pesticides can produce vegetables of all kinds and arrays of fruits

pesticides

-to kill pests, weed, fungi


-we have to look at risk:benefit ratio


-cannot produce enough food without pesticide and fertilizer

Organic

-growing crops without using synthetic fertilizer and pesticides, relying on natural means to control insects


-use manure as fertilizer

fertilizer

-liebeg


-4 major nutrients needed: NPK and other elements needed in small amounts


-haber: found a way to combine N2+3H2=2NH3


NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 (gives a good source of nitrogen, commonly used)


-NH4NO3 yields N2O (nitric oxide) >> greenhouse gas


-global warming

hydroponic

-soiless gardening


-replacement: ground up coconuts


-good ratio of nutrients in replacement of soil


can grow cucumbers, tomatoes

apple scab

-fungus, cosmetic problem

stem rust

-destroys the crop actually

black spot

-roses are affected by this


-can wipe out whole range of flowers

weeds

-not a lot of nutrients left for the crops you want



nematodes

-destroys roots of apple orchids


-need chemicals to destroy this

control

-sulphur: first chemical used


-produces SO2 and this buns fungi and insects


-choking odour




-tobacco plant: produces nicotine, natural insecticide




-synthetic pesticide




-copper acetoarsenate: combination of arsenic trioxide and copper acetate (paris green)


-get rid of rats and mice




-DDT: made in labs, effective against fleas, ants and mice (anything that crawled); helped shaped outcome of WWI


-paul muller: introduced DDT


-problem: too effective, so they overused it, fewer hatching of egg shells


-decline in eagle offspring


-silent spring: build up in food chain


-2006, world health organization suggests DDT be used to control malaria (huge problem in africa)

how dangerous was DDT?

-rats exposed to DDT, developed fewer liver tumour

berkley public health institute and long island study

-no relation between breast cancer and DDT


-something to do with estrogen

more pesticide

-malathion: toxic; interferes with enzyme system in our body




-wheat killer: kill wheat

nocebo effect

-if you believe something is going to harm you, you actually get physical symptoms


-in india, children died b/c contaminated with pesticide


-mixed into food


-monocroptophos: stored in school, 1.2g is lethal dose

parkinsons

-high in agricultural areas

paraquod

-people were paralyzed

rotenone

-increases risk of childhood leukemia: no risk with outdoor pesticides including herbicide

acute health issue

-short term, lasting 1-3 months

subtle chronic effects

-long term


-reason why pesticide can disrupt hormones


-atrazine: effect on tadpole


-increase the risk of endometriosis


-endocrine disrupting substance

pesticide use

-decreased significantly

S-metolachlor

-can exist in enantiomers (mirror image)


-one can kill more weeds



collapse disorder in bees

-disappearing

neonicotinoid

-related to collapse disorder

natural pesticide

-coffe plant: attacked by a fungus


-we consume about 1.5g of natural pesticide a day

Organic: why do people want it?

1. people want it for what it does not contain


2. for what it does contain


-environmental benefits

is organic really organic?

-spotty inspection


-oraganic is not pesticide free

apples

-use up to 36 pesticides

is it really nutritious

-no significant different


-nutrients depend on variety type, soil quality, fertilizer, crop rotations, maturity at harvest, transpaortation

is organic more environmentally friendly?

-goes to river and lakes


-no safe substance, only safe ways to use substances

IPM

-examine what insect is out there, what is the best chemical, what is the best fertilizer



genetically modified food

-870 BC assyrian relief > artificial pollination of date palms


-grape fruit is a hybrid of orange and pomelo


-tritical: hybrid of wheat and rye (cross pollination)


-we can take seeds of plants to expose it to radioactive materials to mutate it and lead to a genetic trait

gene splicing

-genes are fragments of DNA that code for specific proteins


-DNA recombinant technology



chymosin

-enzyme


-take milk, chymosin is added, cheese is made


-gene for chymosin is discovered and we extract DNA of calf and specific fragment that codes for chymosin and put into yeast cells

tomato

-first GMO


-inhibit enzyme called polygalacturonase (break down pectin), texture of tomato


-if you inhibit this enzyme, tomato stays firm


-we found enzyme that keeps fish from freezing and put into tomato

brazil nuts

-rich in methionine


-critical aa for animal


-soy beans are poor in methionine


-for people with bean allergy

roundup resistant

-canola: herbicide


-less tillage


-less fuel used


-less herbicide used


-better yield


-glyphosate: genetically modified canola


-glyphosate resistant: survive spraying the herbicide

bacillus thuringiensis

-bacteria that produce a protein toxic to insects but not humans


-when bugs in corn, you get rotting such as fusarium ear rot (fumonisins)


-it will reduce mycotoxin

Colorado Potato Bette

-people think GMO potatoes are dangerous

monarch butterfly

caterpillars eat GMO corn to produce BT toxin


so these are resistant to BT corn

seralini

movie about horrific terrors of GMO


-stuy was meaningless


-always a question of risk vs benefit

benefit

-vitamin A deficiency


-blindness and deaths


-beta carotene from corn/daffodil into golden rice


-100 to 150g of cooked golden rice and provide 60% of vit A to 6-8 yo children

iron

-iron deficiency


-insert gene that codes for production of ferratin, iron storage protien taken from beans

cabbage

-indole 3 carbinol (anti- carcinogen, reduces tumour growth)

dryness

-insert a gene that enable it to use a small amount of moisture present in the ground

trans fat

-transfat due to high temp


-soybeans: less prone to oxidation, less need for hydrogenation

papaya

-ring spot virus

artic apple

-do not go brown easily

GMO potatoes

-fewer black spots


-produce less acrylamide (natrually occurring toxin formed when foods heated at high temp, contain carbs and asparagine)

precautionary principle

-must have proof of no harm when you introduce a new novel product

labeling

-labeling requirements should be based on the content of food, not on the way it is produced


-labeling is already required for any GMO food