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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
photosynthesis |
-take up CO2 and produce O2 |
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Agricultural Science |
-based on photosynthesis -before 70% of people were farmers now 2% -modern fertilizer and pesticides can produce vegetables of all kinds and arrays of fruits |
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pesticides |
-to kill pests, weed, fungi -we have to look at risk:benefit ratio -cannot produce enough food without pesticide and fertilizer |
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Organic |
-growing crops without using synthetic fertilizer and pesticides, relying on natural means to control insects -use manure as fertilizer |
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fertilizer |
-liebeg -4 major nutrients needed: NPK and other elements needed in small amounts -haber: found a way to combine N2+3H2=2NH3 NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 (gives a good source of nitrogen, commonly used) -NH4NO3 yields N2O (nitric oxide) >> greenhouse gas -global warming |
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hydroponic |
-soiless gardening -replacement: ground up coconuts -good ratio of nutrients in replacement of soil can grow cucumbers, tomatoes |
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apple scab |
-fungus, cosmetic problem |
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stem rust |
-destroys the crop actually |
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black spot |
-roses are affected by this -can wipe out whole range of flowers |
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weeds |
-not a lot of nutrients left for the crops you want |
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nematodes |
-destroys roots of apple orchids -need chemicals to destroy this |
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control |
-sulphur: first chemical used -produces SO2 and this buns fungi and insects -choking odour -tobacco plant: produces nicotine, natural insecticide -synthetic pesticide -copper acetoarsenate: combination of arsenic trioxide and copper acetate (paris green) -get rid of rats and mice -DDT: made in labs, effective against fleas, ants and mice (anything that crawled); helped shaped outcome of WWI -paul muller: introduced DDT -problem: too effective, so they overused it, fewer hatching of egg shells -decline in eagle offspring -silent spring: build up in food chain -2006, world health organization suggests DDT be used to control malaria (huge problem in africa) |
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how dangerous was DDT? |
-rats exposed to DDT, developed fewer liver tumour |
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berkley public health institute and long island study |
-no relation between breast cancer and DDT -something to do with estrogen |
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more pesticide |
-malathion: toxic; interferes with enzyme system in our body -wheat killer: kill wheat |
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nocebo effect |
-if you believe something is going to harm you, you actually get physical symptoms -in india, children died b/c contaminated with pesticide -mixed into food -monocroptophos: stored in school, 1.2g is lethal dose |
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parkinsons |
-high in agricultural areas |
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paraquod |
-people were paralyzed |
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rotenone |
-increases risk of childhood leukemia: no risk with outdoor pesticides including herbicide |
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acute health issue |
-short term, lasting 1-3 months |
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subtle chronic effects |
-long term -reason why pesticide can disrupt hormones -atrazine: effect on tadpole -increase the risk of endometriosis -endocrine disrupting substance |
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pesticide use |
-decreased significantly |
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S-metolachlor |
-can exist in enantiomers (mirror image) -one can kill more weeds |
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collapse disorder in bees |
-disappearing |
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neonicotinoid |
-related to collapse disorder |
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natural pesticide |
-coffe plant: attacked by a fungus -we consume about 1.5g of natural pesticide a day |
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Organic: why do people want it? |
1. people want it for what it does not contain 2. for what it does contain -environmental benefits |
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is organic really organic? |
-spotty inspection -oraganic is not pesticide free |
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apples |
-use up to 36 pesticides |
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is it really nutritious |
-no significant different -nutrients depend on variety type, soil quality, fertilizer, crop rotations, maturity at harvest, transpaortation |
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is organic more environmentally friendly? |
-goes to river and lakes -no safe substance, only safe ways to use substances |
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IPM |
-examine what insect is out there, what is the best chemical, what is the best fertilizer |
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genetically modified food |
-870 BC assyrian relief > artificial pollination of date palms -grape fruit is a hybrid of orange and pomelo -tritical: hybrid of wheat and rye (cross pollination) -we can take seeds of plants to expose it to radioactive materials to mutate it and lead to a genetic trait |
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gene splicing |
-genes are fragments of DNA that code for specific proteins -DNA recombinant technology |
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chymosin |
-enzyme -take milk, chymosin is added, cheese is made -gene for chymosin is discovered and we extract DNA of calf and specific fragment that codes for chymosin and put into yeast cells |
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tomato |
-first GMO -inhibit enzyme called polygalacturonase (break down pectin), texture of tomato -if you inhibit this enzyme, tomato stays firm -we found enzyme that keeps fish from freezing and put into tomato |
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brazil nuts |
-rich in methionine -critical aa for animal -soy beans are poor in methionine -for people with bean allergy |
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roundup resistant |
-canola: herbicide -less tillage -less fuel used -less herbicide used -better yield -glyphosate: genetically modified canola -glyphosate resistant: survive spraying the herbicide |
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bacillus thuringiensis |
-bacteria that produce a protein toxic to insects but not humans -when bugs in corn, you get rotting such as fusarium ear rot (fumonisins) -it will reduce mycotoxin |
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Colorado Potato Bette |
-people think GMO potatoes are dangerous |
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monarch butterfly |
caterpillars eat GMO corn to produce BT toxin so these are resistant to BT corn |
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seralini |
movie about horrific terrors of GMO -stuy was meaningless -always a question of risk vs benefit |
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benefit |
-vitamin A deficiency -blindness and deaths -beta carotene from corn/daffodil into golden rice -100 to 150g of cooked golden rice and provide 60% of vit A to 6-8 yo children |
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iron |
-iron deficiency -insert gene that codes for production of ferratin, iron storage protien taken from beans |
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cabbage |
-indole 3 carbinol (anti- carcinogen, reduces tumour growth) |
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dryness |
-insert a gene that enable it to use a small amount of moisture present in the ground |
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trans fat |
-transfat due to high temp -soybeans: less prone to oxidation, less need for hydrogenation |
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papaya |
-ring spot virus |
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artic apple |
-do not go brown easily |
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GMO potatoes |
-fewer black spots -produce less acrylamide (natrually occurring toxin formed when foods heated at high temp, contain carbs and asparagine) |
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precautionary principle |
-must have proof of no harm when you introduce a new novel product |
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labeling |
-labeling requirements should be based on the content of food, not on the way it is produced -labeling is already required for any GMO food |