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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ocean water |
-3.5% of salt |
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salt |
-ions -ca mg na with HCO3 Cl SO4 -CaSo4: gypsum (white powder) -MgSO4: epsom salt (soaking their feet in hot water) -CaHCO3 > CaCO3, Co2, H20 (limestone) -NaCl (table salt) |
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dolomite |
-CaCO3/MgCO3 crystalize to form with HgS (cinnabar) -cinnabar was used as vermilion (pigment with lots of mercury) -dolomite, mg ca suplement possibilities -cinnabar has 2.81 mg of iron but toxic -dolomite have mercury, iron, aluminum as trace elements |
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periodic table |
-vertical colum: similar properties -horizontal: changing the element one from the other |
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electrolyte: salt
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-mainly to conduct electricity -light up the light bulb -poor in vinegar -enough for lemon (K salt) -sprinkle salt: NaCl (fully ionized) -soy sauce: lots of sodium -V8: pretty dramatic has sodium |
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sodium |
has 11 electrons 2e 8e 1e |
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uyuni salt flats |
-substantial salt bed |
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calcium and phosphate |
-imp for teeth and bones -V, Mo, Sn |
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minerals |
-micronutrients, approx 1g per day |
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sodium chloride |
-morton -kosher -fleur de sel (chunk) -hawaiian sea salt, pink himalaya salt, la balein sea salt (chunk) |
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hypertension |
-too much salt -higher than 140 90 |
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potassium |
-no salt -banana -potato potassium and sodium have different sizes and associate with how much water can accumulate around those ions. -arpicot |
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iodine |
-below bromine -solid, high vapour pressure, does not melt (elemental) -deficiency: goiter -150ug a day -3 small grains |
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iron |
-2 to 4g in the body -we need 10-20mg a day -iron deficiency anemia -hemochromatosis: genetic; body absorbs abnormal amount of iron -excessive iron stored in heart, liver, pancreas, joint -iron is best absorbed with vitamin c -extra iron from Geritol (3.3mg/ml) -porphyria: inhertied condition (too much porphyrin ring) |
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zinc |
-niger discovered that zinc level is imp -elemental zinc is grey metallic but ion form is white -total amount of zinc is 0.003% -lack of zinc: dwarfism, imp for normal growth -oyster -nuts -meat less -need 10mg a day -fiber captures zinc so vegeterians get less -enzyme deals with zn -insulin, alcohol dehydrogenase, RNA polymerase, t RNA synthetase -hair analysis not vitamin |
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selenium |
-SeO3: selenite (oxidized forn) -onion -100ug -works with vitamin E as antioxcidant -in brazil nuts, seaweed,tuna -garlic/onion |
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calcium |
-99% in bones and teeth (1kg) -1% in blood clotting -100mg a day lower than 250mg a day 85mg lost in urin, 265 in stool, balace is -19 -820mg, even, 1250 incresaing the calcium intake |
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osteoporosis |
-porous bones -hip fracture -wrist fracture more in woman |
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risk factor of osteoporosis |
-Short stature - Underweight - Early menopause - Physical inactivity - Alcoholism - Smoking - Excess caffeine - Excess protein - Excess fiber |
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resorption |
-1-5% per year -5% per year, half the bone mass is gone in 14 years |
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rule of 70 |
-take the number 70 and divide it by % change per time |
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mecahnism of calcium loss and gain |
3ca + 2 PO4 + OH >>>> ca3(po4)2OH (bone) -reactants are soluble |
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osteoclast |
-liberates acid and take away bone -fosamax (alendronate) inhibit osteoclas (3% increase in bone mass) -Zometa is a new drug |
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osteoblst |
-making bone -matrix synthesized then mineralized to hydroxyl apatite /bone |
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how to detect loss of bone |
-blood, xray, CT, single photon absorptiometry (works best), double (works best) |
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average risk by calciulation |
FRAX (calculates bone density) |
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osteoporosis therapy |
calcium carbonate (limestone) is salt in pill form caltrate prilosec: lowers acid in the stomach (problem with inhibiting osteoclast) |
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source of phosphate |
-coke, turkey, chicken, fish, meat, cheese, yogurt, milk |
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source of calcium |
-yogurt, sardiness, skim milk, milk, tofu, turinp greens, broccoli |
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calcium build up |
-heart attacks in postmenopasual woman |
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osteoporosis therapy |
-vitamin D (Ca) 500IU -sunshine -exercise |
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estrogen |
-found in bone, decrease after menopausal -increase risk of uterine cancer and increase risk of breast cancer -prempro: estrogen + progestin: reduce risk of uterine cancer and help prevent osteoporosis, but increase risk of breast cancer and may not be as effective as thought for heart disease |
