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172 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How many people in the US are living with Cancer?
Ten million
According to the "Comparison of Cancer Incidence" chart shown in class, what is the lowest cancer case rate? And what is the highest?
Lowest: Hodgkin's disease in Japan
Highest: Prostate in the USA
Which country has the lowest cancer rate?
India
While most cancer rates are falling, which cancer rate is rising and which gender is this primarily affecting?
Lung cancer in women
There is a 5% reduction in the incidences of liver cancer per year (I made that up.) How long until the rate of liver cancer is half of what it is today?
70/5 = 14

It will be 14 years until the rate of liver cancer is half of what it is today.
Lung cancer for women over the age of 65 increased by 300% between 1973 and 1994. True or false?
False. It increased by 250%.
Even though the death rate from cancer is falling, many cancer rates for people over the age of 65 are increasing. Why is this?
People are living longer, more time for cells to divide/replicate and thus there are more opportunities to make genetic mistakes or mutations.
Which one of these is NOT a LEADING risk factor for cancer in the US?
a) Obesity
b) Hypertension
c) Exposure to environmental toxins
d) Cholesterol
e) Cigarette smoking
c) Environmental toxins
Which of the following is NOT true of the JAMA February 2006 study?
a) It involved 49,000 women
b) It cost half a billion dollars
c) It found a significant link between low fat diets and a decreased risk of breast cancer
e) It was the largest ever clinical trial of a low-fat diet vs incidence of breast cancer
d) It actually found NO significant effect of a low fat diet on breast cancer
Thalidomide is an example of a ________ substance.
Teratogenic
Define "mutagenic."
An agent or substance (including a virus or ionizing radiation) that can bring about a permanent alteration to the DNA of a gene.
True or false: the process of angiogenesis is when malignant cancer cells secrete chemicals that promote new blood vessel formation, thereby "feeding the tumour."
True.
Coffee contains about ____ mg of known carcinogens. Name the six carcinogens.
10 mg.
Acrylamide, benzene, caffeic acid, formaldehyde, furfural, styrene.
Bruce Ames wrote an article called the _____________.
HERP (Human Equivalent Rat Potency)
What was the overarching finding from the HERP study?
Many things people believed to cause cancer actually did not cause cancer. Some examples include wine, comfrey tablets, phenobarbital, and clofibrate.
Which one of the following is not a difficulty involved in cancer studies?
a) The type of rat matters
b) The wood chips in their cages can make a difference
c) The fibre differences and diet composition of the rats matters
d) The amount of exercise the rats get matters
e) Experimental design can vary widely from study to study
c)
Although this might be true actually... but it wasn't addressed in lecture so whatever
What is the estimated heritability of stomach cancer (according to the Scandinavian twin study).
a) 10%
b) 28%
c) 25%
d) 44%
b) 28%
According to the Scandinavian Twin Study discussed in class, cervical cancer has a very high heritability rate. True or false?
False. It has a very LOW heritability rate. Non-shared environmental factors play a much greater role (i.e. past viruses, sexual activity, diet, etc.)
Environmental factors probably have a _________ influence on cancer.
a) 70-90%
b) 60-80%
c) 100%
d) 25-45%
a) 70-90%
What was the cancer that many chimney sweepers developed in Britain at the turn of the 20th century?
Testicular cancer
Which of the following are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons NOT found in:
a) Cooked meats
b) Tobacco smoke
c) Diesel fuel
d) Engine exhausts
c) Diesel fuel
Define "intercalation."
The "sliding in" of PAHs or heterocyclic amines into grooves in DNA. This occurs because these molecules are FIXED, RIGID, and FLAT carbon rings.
What is the main difference between PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and heterocyclic amines?
PAHs primarily consist of carbon rings, while heterocyclic amines can have nitrogen atoms in them as well (hence the name 'amine')
True or false: Cytochrome P450 is a family of enzymes that alters molecules (often by oxidation) to remove them from the body.
True.
True or false: oxidizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons makes them more water soluble and thus more easily excreted from the body.
True.
True or false: Grapefruit juice increases P450s effect.
False, it inhibits the effect of P450.
What are the biggest contributors to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the standard North American diet?
a) Cereals, oils, and fat
b) Oils, fat, and meat
c) Cereals and meat
d) Meat
a) Cereals oils and fats (This is due to consumption levels... people tend to eat lots of cereal/grain products)
What of the following is FALSE about acrylamide?
a) It is in fried potatoes
b) It is a coagulant in water treatment
c) It is a neurotoxin and possible carcinogen
d) Acrylamide levels in tap water far exceeds levels in potato chips
d) Acrylamide levels in tap water far exceeds levels in potato chips

Actually, acrylamide levels are much higher in potato chips than drinking water. The WHO limits acrylamide in tap water to 0.5 parts per billion.
What is tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD)?
It is a byproduct of Agent Orange, a biohazard weapon used in the Vietnam War.

Bonus: TCDD binds to cell receptors and the TCDD/receptor complex intercalates in DNA and causes mutations.
True or false: The actual risk of dying of lung cancer (in smokers, not second hand smoking) is 1 in 4.
False. It is 1 in 2-3.
Who made this quote "We should be grateful for God's goodness in making work, which made smoke, which made prosperity?"
Mary Gilson of Pittsburgh, in 1890
What is the actual risk of contracting cancer (all types) in a lifetime?
1 in 3
What is the risk of dying in an airplane crash?
1 in 8 million
True or false: Free radicals occur when two atoms that were previously bonded break apart, becoming highly reactive and unstable.
True
Which of the following is NOT true about oxygen?
a) It is toxic in the long run and causes cellular aging
b) Oxygen (O2) is a stable di-radical that wants to react with things
c) The byproducts of oxidation are carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water
d) Oxidizing our food releases energy
c)
Summarize the process of DNA replication.
I'm not going to answer this here, look at your notes.
Where is one place Butylated Hydroxy Toluene can be found and what does it do?
Inside food packaging boxes to prevent oxidation of the food (i.e. going rancid or bad)
Why does Australia have a higher than average rate of melanoma cancers?
Combination of fair skin and high sun exposure (70-90% of cancer risk is environmental!)
Why does Japan have a higher than normal rate of stomach cancer?
Most likely due to their diet (low in salad material, vegetables, low in fruit, high in salt)

Bonus: However as more Japanese people start adopting a North American style diet, rates of colon cancer have been increasing. (Hawaii example)
What does ITT stand for (from the diet & cancer lecture)?
Intestinal transit times (doctors give patients plastic pellets to eat and then monitor how long it takes the patient to excrete them)
How many times does the Bantu tribe go to the bathroom today and why is this significant?
3-5 times a day, it is a part of their culture. They have essentially no incidences of colon cancer (they eat a lot of fibre).
What kind of fibre is Metamucil comprised of?
Psyllium seed fibre
Which one of these is NOT a type of fibre?
a) Lignin
b) Cellulose
c) Semicellulose
d) Pectin
e) Hemicellulose
c) Semicellulose
True or false: Fibre helps to remove bile acids from the intestines, and bile acids are cancer promoters.
True.
How does a high fibre intake supposedly reduce the risk of colon cancer?
Fibre bulks up stools which stimulates bowel evacuation (i.e. needing to shit). Basically, fibre lowers contact time in the bowel, giving possible mutagens less chance to do bad things or replicate in the colon.
Define "diverticulosis."
Little pouches in the colon where food can get trapped, it's not good to have them. Ideally, your colon should be smooth.
True or false: Anti-inflammatory drugs like NSAIDs (aspirin, advil, etc) increase the risk of cancer.
False. Some mice studies have shown them to reduce cancer risk.
Which of the following increases your mortality rate the most?
a) Drinking
b) Smoking
c) Eating meat
d) Eating fat
e) Being an amateur pilot
b) Smoking

Although maybe being an amateur pilot could be worse; who the fuck knows.
Which one of these pairs does NOT belong?
a) Celery & Safrole
b) Alfalfa sprouts & Canavine
c) Cheese & Tyramine
d) Mushrooms & Argaratine
a) Celery & Safrole

It should be Celery & Furocoumarins. Safrole & Pepper go together.
Talk to me about goats and birth defects.
You better not let your domesticated pet goat go anywhere near fucking lupine and then eat said goat's milk or cheese because LUPINE IS A TERATOGEN, BETCH. You could have a torso-baby.
Sum up the whole point of this diet and cancer lecture.
In a way, everything we consume is technically "bad" for us and could lead to cancer-- but the dose makes the poison. Just eat a balanced, mostly plant-based diet, eat everything in moderation, don't smoke, and wear sunscreen and you will greatly reduce your risk!
Name some antioxidants (as many as you can).
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta-carotene, Quercetin, Reservatrol, Bioflavonoids
True or false: Gout is caused by a build up of uric acid that crystallizes in the joints.
True.
True or false: turmeric contains the bioflavonoid curcumin.
True.
Pepper contains _______ which enhances the bioavailability of curcumin by ______%
Piperine; 2000%
True or false: rats fed lycopene powder had a lower risk of death from prostate cancer than rats fed tomato powder.
False. The rats fed tomato powder had less of a risk.
True or false: Selenium is an antioxidant that is part of glutamine peroxidase.
False: it is part of GLUTATIONINE peroxidase
To reduce your risk of cancer you should eat _____ ounces or less of red meat per week.
a) 10
b) 18
c) 20
d) 24
b) 18 oz
Who said "let food be thy medicine"?
Hippocrates
Why was Sylvester Graham known as "Dr. No"?
Because he preached:
- No meat
- No spices
- No caffeine
- No alcohol
- No doctors
- No masturbation
True or false: Sylvester Graham believed eating meat would increase one's desire to masturbate.
True
True or false: Sylvester Graham introduced the graham cracker as an anti-sex food.
False, he only introduced graham flour
Does the term "natural" used on food packaging have a legal definition?
No, natural does not equate safe!
Which of the following is the poison in hemlock juice?
a) Bromine
b) Conine
c) Diathymine
d) Tyramine
b) Conine

Bonus: Socrates drank it as an execution method
Does Canada have a national, legal certification program in place to verify whether food products are organic?
No, but they are in the process of creating one... the current system is flawed, it is hard to verify whether foods are actually 100% organic or not
Which one of the following reasons for buying organic food is supported by scientific evidence?
a) Organic food has no pesticide residues
b) Organic food has more nutritional value
c) Organic food is better for the environment
d) Organic food tastes better
c) It is better for the evironment
True or false: Organic foods do not have pesticides.
False, they do have pesticides, they just cannot have synthetic/inorganic pesticides. Natural pesticides like copper sulfate are ok.
Which pesticide is derived from the root of the derris plant and has been linked to Parkinson's disease?
Rotenone
What is bacillus thuringiensis?
It is a bacteria that produces a chemical that is a very potent insecticide. Using genetic technology, the gene encoding for this insecticide substance can be used to genetically engineer other crops.
Someone tells you that organic vegetable soup contains six times more salicylic acid than conventional vegetable soup. According to Dr. Schwarcz, what should you say to them?
Yes the organic soup has more salicylic acid (0.06 mg) than the conventional soup (0.01 mg) but in both cases the amounts are so insignificant that it doesn't really matter. A baby aspirin has 81 mg of aspirin!
Why might organically grown foods have more naturally occurring substances than conventional produce?
a) Organic foods always have more nutrients
b) Organic foods are carefully bred to have the highest amount of nutrients
c) Organic foods must produce their own substances to defend themselves against invaders
d) After harvest, only the highest quality crops are chosen on an organic farm
c) Organic foods must produce their own substances to defend themselves against invaders

With less effective pesticides used on organic farms, those crops must produce their own phytochemicals and byproducts to protect themselves from being eaten by birds, insects, etc. It is a process of natural selection (plants that escape being eaten pass on their genes).
Who made this quote and why is it significant:
"The greatest threat to your health is processed food. The day science entered the food industry was a sad, sad day indeed."
Harvey Diamond. He and his wife Marilyn Diamond wrote the book "Fit for Life" and claim that doctors, scientists, and big pharma companies want to undermine the public's health and make a profit off of medications. The Diamonds' "science" is NOT credible at all.
Who wrote "The Hippocrates Diet and Health Program" and believed we should squat instead of using a toilet?
Ann Wigmore. She also believed humans have only a limited amount of enzymes since birth and they wear out like a car battery. This is NOT true.
When was the Chelsey Physic Garden founded and where is it located?
1673, London
True or false: the mama-juana that Dr. Schwarcz bought on the Dominican beach is just as safe and reliable as most herbal supplements found in health food stores.
True, most herbal supplements make claims that are unfounded and untested.
Which of the following does not belong:
a) Belladonna, dilate pupils
b) Turmeric, joint pain
c) Autumn Crocus Colchicine, gout
d) Foxglove plant, heart disease
b) Turmeric, joint pain
True or false: the New England Journal of Medicine found that echinacea has a clinically significant effect on respiratory tract infections like the common cold.
False, echinacea does not have a clinically significant effect.
Which of the following is not true about herbal supplements' natural product numbers (NPN)?
a) Proof of efficacy is required
b) They must show the product was produced in a clean lab
c) They must show the product is standardized and safe
d) They must state the compounds contained in the supplement/herbal product
a) Proof of efficacy is required

Actually it is NOT required.
Which natural product has been used for thousands of years by the Chinese and is shaped like the human body?
Ginseng
True or false: Cold FX contains standardized American ginseng and is produced by a reputable lab in Edmonton
True
Saw Palmetto is a product used to treat which medical condition?

(Hint: it is very prominent in men older than 50)
Benign prostate hyperplasia. This is an enlargement of the prostate gland that pushes on the urinary tract, affecting urinary flow.
Which of the following is NOT true about gingko biloba?
a) It increases mental capacity
b) It increases cerebral blood flow
c) It interacts with anticoagulants
d) It is an immune suppressant
d) It is an immune suppressant

Cyclosporine is an immune suppressant, and it reacts negatively with St. Johns Wort
If you have received an organ transplant, which herbal supplement should you stay away from?
a) St Johns Wort
b) Ginseng
c) Gingko Biloba
d) Saw Palmetto
e) Garlic extract
a) St. Johns Wort

People who receive organ transplants must be put on immune suppressant drugs like Cyclosporine, and St. Johns Wort reduces the effectiveness of the immunosuppressants. Your body could end up rejecting the transplant!
Who believed garlic was a cure-all and people should insert garlic into their anus before going to bed?
Adolphus Hohensee
Which of the following correctly completes this sentence? In garlic, _______ is converted by the enzyme ________ to form _______.
a) allin; allicin; allinase
b) alliin; allinase; allicin
c) allicin; allinase; alliin
d) allinase; alliin; allicin
e) none of the above
b) In garlic, ALLIIN is converted by ALLINASE to ALLICIN.
True or false: cytochrome P-450 enzymes break down a variety of drugs, including cyclosporine, tetracycline, tamoxifen, and antidepressants.
True
Which of the following is true about St. Johns Wort
a) It has properties as a mild antidepressant
b) It is an anticoagulant
c) It interacts with cyclosporine
d) a & c
e) all of the above
d) a & c (antidepressant & interacts with cyclosporine)

Gingko biloba is an anticoagulant
After visiting a Belgian weight loss clinic specializing in Chinese remedies, why did some people experience kidney failure?
Because the clinic used Chinese herbs that contained Aristolochic acid which is toxic to the kidneys. They used the wrong plant, they should have used Stephania tetranda.
Why might you not want to buy the product PMS-Ease off the internet
a) It is unregulated and unmonitored
b) It contains high levels of toxic metals
c) It contains aristolochic acid
d) a & c
e) none of the above
d) a & c
What plant was once used to curb the appetite and was found in Metabolife? Bonus: who died from taking it?
Ephedra; Steve Beckler, a famous baseball player
Which of the following is not true about ephedra?
a) It has been replaced in many supplements by bitter orange
b) Its Chinese name is Mua-Huang
c) It is now banned in the USA and Canada
d) It has stimulant properties
c) It is now banned in the USA and Canada

It is banned in the USA but its use is regulated in Canada
True or false: functional foods are referred to as neutraceuticals
True
Which of the following does not belong?
a) Calcium, Wonderbread
b) Folic acid, flour
c) Iodine, salt
d) Margarine, stanols & sterols
a) Calcium and Wonderbread

Wonderbread tried to advertise themselves as a functional food but they were called out for not having enough evidence that the calcium had a significant effect on health.
True or false: Chicken soup does not have a clinically significant effect in improving cold symptoms.
False, a study at Mt. Sinai Hospital in Miami showed chicken soup caused mucus to flow out of the nose faster when compared to other soups.
Who is unofficially called the father of modern health food?
Dr. John Harvey Kellogg
What does the term "fletcherize" mean?
To chew, Fletcher thought it was important to chew food at least 32 times for optimal health.
What did Dr. Kellogg and Sylvester Graham have in common?
They both thought meat was pro-inflammatory and advocated vegetarian and whole grain diets.
True or false: Corn Flakes were the world's first "cereals" as we know them today.
True
Whose mansion did Donald Trump buy and use as a summer cottage?
Charles Post
Where did Kellogg think all disease originated?
The colon, particularly constipation of the colon
True or false: Kellogg believed his post-enema yogurt flush would balance intestinal flora with probiotics, and got this idea from Elie Metchnikoff (who studied the Bulgarian mountain men).
True
True or false: the human body is composed of more bacteria cells than human cells
True
What are the two main bacteria used in probiotics?
Acidophilus and bifidobacteria
Why are probiotics thought to be beneficial for health?
They compete with other bacterium for nutrients and crowd out other bad, pathogenic bacteria like E.coli
___________ are foods that contain specific microorganisms in sufficient numbers to alter the microbial flora in a host and exert beneficial health effects.
Probiotics
True or false: Pasteurized yogurts have probiotics.
False, the process of pasteurization kills all bacteria, good and bad
Which of the following probiotics has/have been shown to treat the symptoms colitis, Crohns, and IBS?
a) Acidopholus
b) Lactobacillus GG
c) Lactobacillus primae
d) Bifidobacteria
e) All of the above
b) Lactobacillus GG
In order to have a beneficial effect, you need to consume a few billion probiotic bacteria per day. How many probiotic bacteria are present in a single serving of Activia yogurt?
One billion. You'd need to eat a LOT of yogurt! The company was sued for misleading consumers.
To cure his patients terrible diarrhea due to Chlostridium difficile, Dr. Lawrence J. Brandt used what method to cure her:
a) Probiotics
b) Fecal colonoscopy
c) Yogurt enema
d) Vegetarian diet
e) None of the above
b) Fecal colonoscopy
How are prebiotics different from probiotics?
Prebiotics cannot be digested by the human body and go straight to the colon, serving as food for the beneficial bacteria. Probiotics are the beneficial bacteria.
Which of the following is a prebiotic?
a) Acidopholus
b) Bifidobacteria
c) Lactobacilli Bifidobacteria
d) b & c
e) All of the above
c) Lactobacilli Bifidobacteria
How does Lactobacilli Bifidobacteria improve one's health?
a) By producing short chain fatty acids for good bacteria to eat
b) By indirectly preventing growth of abnormal cells
c) By degrading N-nitrosamines and E.coli
d) Improving calcium absorption
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Which of the following is NOT true about inulin?
a) It is found in Jerusalem artichokes
b) It is an effective probiotic
c) It is made of 20 fructose units
d) It is made of Fructose Glucose
e) it is made of Fructose oligosaccharides
d) It is made of Fructose Glucose
True or false: synbiotics contain both prebiotics and probiotics
True
What might be the ultimate neutraceutical?
a) Green tea
b) Acai berries
c) Cocoa powder
d) Pomegranate juice
e) Blueberries
c) Cocoa powder, it has the most antioxidants
What is the melting point of chocolate?
36 degrees celsius
What was consumed by the Aztec in religious ceremonies in golden goblets?
Xocoatl (Aztec chocolate) which roughly translated means "bitter"
Which nationality first brought chocolate back to Europe?
a) Spanish
b) French
c) Portuguese
d) English
a) Spanish
Which is the correct order of steps in the fermentation of the sugar in cocoa beans?
a) Esters, acetic acid, alcohol
b) Alcohol, acetic acid, esters
c) Acetic acid, alcohol, esters
d) Acetic acid, esters, alcohol
b) Sugar --> Alcohol, Acetic acid, Esters

** Esters are involved in providing chocolate with its flavour **
Cocoa beans are roasted to promote the _________ reaction.
Maillard reaction
True or false: Chocolate liquor contains alcohol.
False, it does not contain alcohol.
Which of the following does not belong:
a) Nestle, Swiss chocolate
b) J.S. Fry, England
c) Lindt, conching
d) Hershey, tropical chocolate
e) Dr. Alfred Stern, Smarties
e) Dr. Dr. Alfred Stern, Smarties

should be M&Ms, devised the way to keep the chocolate from melting with a sugar coated shell and beating air into the chocolate
Why were there no red M&Ms for 11 years?
a) Red went out of fashion
b) There was a scare involving Red Dye #2
c) There was a scare involving Red Dye #40
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
b) Scare involving Red Dye #2
True or false: Someone with severe heartburn should stay away from chocolate.
True
Which of the following is not true about chocolate?
a) It causes acne
b) It causes tooth decay (S. mutans bacteria)
c) It is a cough suppressant
d) It can cause heartburn
e) None of the above
a) It causes acne

No link has been proven
According to fat content, arrange the order of chocolate in descending order (i.e. highest to lowest)
a) Sweet, milk, cocoa, bitter
b) Bitter, sweet, milk, cocoa
c) Cocoa, milk, sweet, bitter
d) Bitter, milk, sweet, cocoa
b) Bitter (55%), Sweet (35%), Milk (30%), and Cocoa (15%)
True or false: Theobromine in chocolate is dangerous for cats and dogs.
True
What is the name of the chemical found in chocolate that binds to the same receptor as marijuana?
a) Anandamide
b) Bromine
c) Catycholamine
d) Dopamine
e) Endocannibinoids
a) Anandamide
True or false: chocolate contains phenylethylamine (PEA) and this chemical can cross the blood-brain barrier.
False. Chocolate does contain (PEA) but it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Phenylalanine is the precursor to PEA and can cross the blood-brain barrier.
According to Dr. Harpp, if you want to try and increase your partner's amorous feelings toward you, what should you feed them?
a) Chocolate
b) Peanuts
c) Roofies
d) Yogurt
e) Corn Flakes
b) Peanuts
True or false: Baking soda and baking powder are the same thing.
False. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate and baking powder is sodium bicarbonate AND monocalcium phosphate.
When yeast organisms grow, what do they make as a byproduct?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Oxygen
c) Water
d) a & b
e) All of the above
a) Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is/are true about red peppers?
a) Nutritionally they are the same as green peppers
b) They no longer produce chlorophyll
c) Their chlorophyll has been replaced by anthocyanin molecules
d) a & c
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Which of the following is NOT true about potatoes?
a) They were first cultivated in South America
b) The UN declared 2009 as the year of the potato
c) China is the largest producer of potatoes
d) It is the third biggest food staple in the world
e) They have a high glycemic index
b) It wasn't 2009, it was 2008
Why is the toblerone bar shaped like a triangle?
To look like the Mattherhorn mountain.
Which nationality consumes the most chocolate per capita annually?
a) Switzerland
b) Belgium
c) France
d) USA
e) Netherlands
a) Swiss

But Belgium is a very close second!
Chocolate increases _______ in the body, which lowers blood pressure.
a) Antioxidants
b) Free radicals
c) Nitric oxide
d) Formaldehyde
e) Caffeic acid
c) Nitric oxide
The ____________ of the chlorophyll molecule is involved in the green colour of peas, and brown colour of brown peas.
a) Anthocyanin
b) Porphyrin ring structure
c) Nitrogen molecules
d) b & c
e) None of the above
b) Porphyrin ring structure

Normally there is a magnesium atom in the middle of the porphyrin ring structure, but when the peas are heated and canned, the Mg is replaced by two Hydrogen atoms, causing discoloration.
Who sang the song "Bud the Spud" and what is it about?
Stompin' Tom Connors and it is about potato delivery from PEI to Quebec and Ontario
What is the compound that causes your eyes to tear when you cut an onion?
a) Formaldehyde
b) Lacramide
c) Lacramere
d) Lacramethyl
e) None of the above
c) Lacramere

** You can avoid tearing up by cutting an onion under water or by chewing gum. The gas released by onions dissolves in water (like fluid in your eyes) to form the irritating acid. If you breathe through your mouth (chewing gum helps this) the gas dissolves in the fluid in your mouth and doesn't bother you as much. Word. **
The yolk of an egg is ____% water, while the white of an egg is ____% water.
a) 50%; 90%
b) 40%; 90%
c) 50%; 88%
d) 40%; 88%
e) 50%: 50%
c) the yolk is 50% water and the white is 88% water.
True or false: the white of an egg contains no fat.
True
When you boil an egg, the iron within the egg reacts with ________ and gives the outside of the yolk a greenish tinge.
a) Hydrogen sulfide
b) Magnesium sulfate
c) Nitric oxide
d) Monosodium glutamate
e) None of the above
a) Hydrogen sulfide

Fe + H(2)S = FeS + H(2)
How does lecithin work as an emulsifier in something like mayonnaise?
It contains long hydrophobic carbon chains that mixes with the fatty oil, while at the same time it has a polar section that interacts with the water soluble parts. Thus both the oil and water parts are dissolved or EMULSIFIED.
Meat tenderizer contains ______ which breaks down _________ into smaller units.
a) Papain; protein chains
b) Papain; amino acids
c) Bromine; protein chains
d) Bromine; amino acids
e) None of the above
a) Papain; protein chains
True or false: high muscle meat like filet mignon should be cooked for a long period of time.
Bonus: Why?
False, it should not be cooked for a long period of time. As temperature increases, the muscle fibers in the meat become denser and collagen dissolves, resulting a tougher, less tasty steak. On the other hand, meats that contain a lot of collagen (i.e. pot roasts) should be cooked for a long time because the collagen dissolves and makes the meat tender.
If you want your steak pink (but not uncooked) in the middle you should heat it to _____ degrees. If you want it well done, you should heat it to at least _____ degrees.

a) 140; 200
b) 200; 250
c) 140; 180
d) 150; 175
e) None of the above
c) Pink: 140 degrees, Well done: 180 degrees
Which of the following meats has the highest protein to fat ratio?
a) Beef
b) Chicken
c) Fish
d) Pork
e) Elk
b) Chicken
Which of the following meats has the highest fat component?
a) Beef
b) Pork
c) Chicken
d) Fish
e) Venison
b) Pork
Define "transglutaminase."
It is an enzyme that in the presence of water, binds the amine group of glutamine with the amine group lysine. Glutamine and lysine are commonly found in proteins, and this allows manufacturers to take small pieces of meat and "glue" them together. Transglutaminase is essentially "meat glue."
What is the "point of fusion" in meat?
a) The optimal cooking temperature for the specific cut of meat
b) Its optimal date of consumption
c) The place where smaller pieces of meat have been "glued" together
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
c) The place where they have been fused together
What is "Rossini" cooking?
A highly fattening, rich meal
What kind of research does the company Senomyx do and what have they developed?
They research flavour enhancers and they have developed molecules that make receptors more active, so a smaller number of sugar molecules will activate receptors.
What was the first artificial sweetener?
Saccharin in 1879
True or false: Saccharin was originally touted as a healthier alternative to sugar.
False. It was promoted as a CHEAPER alternative to sugar.
What is the USA's Delaney Clause?
If a substance has been shown to be carcinogenic in test animals (regardless of the amount), it is banned.
Which of the following is NOT true about saccharin?
a) It can be used as a table top sweetener in the USA
b) It can be used as a table top sweetener in Canada
c) It can be used as a food additive in the USA
d) It can be used as a food additive in Canada
e) None of the above
d) It can be used as a food additive in Canada

It is banned as a food additive in Canada.
____________ discovered the sugar substitute cyclamate, and it is ____ times sweeter than sugar.
a) Dr. Harvey Wiley; 30
b) Dr. Harvey Wiley; 50
c) Michael Sveda; 30
d) Michael Sveda; 50
e) Dr. Remsen; 30
c) Michael Sveda; 30
Which one of the following does NOT belong?
a) Michael Sveda; cyclamate
b) Dr. Remsen; saccharin
c) Dr. Harvey Wiley; splenda
d) Jim Schlatter; aspartame
e) None of the above
c) Dr. Harvey Wiley; splenda

Dr. Harvey Wiley was the forerunner of the FDA in the early 1900s and "saccharin's first enemy." Leslie Hough and Shashikant Phadnis discovered Splenda.
True or false: Aspartame is 180x as sweet as sugar and is non-caloric.
False. It is 180x as sweet as sugar but it has the same number of calories as sugar (4 per gram)
One serving of diet coke contains ____ g of aspartame?
a) 200
b) 180
c) 160
d) 140
e) 120
b) 180 g
Who is Betty Martini?
A crazy religious fanatic woman who is anti-aspartame. She believes she was put on earth to rid the world of food additives, specifically methanol.
Anti-aspartame proponents often point to the positive correlation between aspartame use and brain tumors in the 1980s. Why is this argument not sound?
Because during that time, brain imaging techniques such as MRIs were introduced. This meant doctors could identify brain tumours far more easily. It wasn't that brain tumours were increasing per se.

** CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION **
According to sound scientific evidence, who should avoid aspartame?
a) People prone to migraines
b) People prone to heartburn
c) People with diabetes
d) People with phenylketonurea
e) All of the above
d) People with phenylketonurea

They are missing the gene needed to metabolize phenylalanine, and aspartame contains phenylalanine.
_______ is a progeny of aspartame and it is 10,000 times sweeter than sugar and 50 times sweeter than aspartame.
a) Neotame
b) Supertame
c) Cyclamate
d) Priatame
e) None of the above
a) Neotame
How is Splenda different from regular sugar in terms of molecular structure?
3 of the OH groups in a molecule of table sugar have been replaced by 3 chlorine groups.
Splenda is also known as _______
a) Maltodextrin
b) Sucrose
c) Sucralose
d) Maltodose
e) Methylsucralose
c) Sucralose
Who was Thomas Muffet?
A 16th century British physician who loved spiders. His daughter Patience hated them.
True or false: the first cheese was made accidentally in 7000 BC and it was what we now call "pot cheese."
False, it was made in 9000 BC. But it was what we would consider to be pot cheese.
In 2300 BC, people kept liquids in vessels made of ________.
a) Clay
b) Limestone
c) Animal stomachs
d) Animal skins
e) None of the above
c) Animal stomachs
Who recently made cheese from his wife's breast milk and sold it in his restaurant?
Daniel Angerer of New York

Yeah, I BET he angered a lot of people.
How long has "modern" cheese been in existence (i.e. cheese as we know it today?)
a) 5000 years
b) 6000 years
c) 10,000 years
d) 7500 years
a) 5000 years