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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fluid
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a substance that canflow and therefore take the shape of its container
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surface tension
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a force that tends to pul adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size
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capillary action
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the attraction of the surface of a liquid tothe surface of a solid
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vaporization
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the process by which a liquid or solid changes to a gas
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evaporation
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the process by which particles escape from the surface of a nonboiling liquid and enter the gas state
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freezing
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the physical change of a liquid to a solid by removal of heat
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crystalline solids
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most solids are crystalline solids, they consist of crystals
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crystals
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a substance in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric, repeating pattern
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amorphous solid
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one in which the particles are arranged randomly
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melting
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the physical change of a solid to a liquid by the addiction of heat.
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melting point
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the temperature at which a solid become a liquid
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supercooled liquids
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stubstances that retain certain liquid properties even at temperatures at which they appear to be solid
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crystal structure
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the total three-deminsional arrangement of particles of a crystal
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unit cell
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the smallest portion of a crystal lattive that shows the 3-D pattern of the entire lattice
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equilibrium
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a dynamic condition in which two opposing changed occur at equal rates in a closed system
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phase
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any part of a system that has uniform composition and properties
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condensation
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the process by which a gas changes to a liquid
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Chatelier's principle
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when a system at equilibrium is disturbed by application of a stress, it attains a new equilibrium position that minimizes the stress
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equilibrium vapor pressure
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the pressure exerted by a capor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature
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volatile liquids
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liquids that evaporate readily, have relatively weak attractive forces
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boiling
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the conversion of a liquid to a vapor within the liquid as well as at its surface. it occurs when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure
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boiling point
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the temperature at which the equilibrium capor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure
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molar heat of vaporization
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the amount of heat energy needed to vaporize one mole of liquid at its boiling point
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freezing point
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te temperature at which the solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm (760 torr or 101.3 kPa) pressure
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molar heat of fusion
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the amount of heat energy required to melt one mole of solid at its melting point is its molar heat of fusion
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sublimation
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the change of state from a solid directly to a gas is known as sublimation
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deposition
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the change of state from a gas directly to solid (dry ice and iodine)
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phase diagram
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a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows the conditions under which the phases of a substance exist
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triple point
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indicates the temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid and vapor of the substance can coexist at equilibrium
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critical point
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indicates the critical temperature and critical pressure
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critical temperature
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(Tc) is the temperature above which the substance cannot exist in the liquid state
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critical pressure
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(Pc) the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature, the critical pressure of water is 217.75 atm
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soluble
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capable of being dissolved
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solvent
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the dissolving medium in a solution
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solute
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the substance dissolved in a solution
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suspension
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if the particles in a solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated
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colloid
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particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions form mixtures
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electrolyte
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a substance that dissolves in water to give a soltution that conducts electric current
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nonelectrolyte
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a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electric current
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solution equilibrium
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the physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute ocur at equal rates
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saturated solution
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a solution that contains the maximum amuont of dissolved solute
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unsaturated solution
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a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions
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supersaturated solution
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a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under tehs ame conditions
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solubility
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the amount of that substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature
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hydration
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the solution process with water as the solvent
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immiscible
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liquid solutes and solvents that are not soluble in each other (italian salad dressing)
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miscible
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liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion (alcohol and water)
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Henry's Law
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the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
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effervescence
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the rapid escape of gas from a liquid in whih it is dissolved
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solvated
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a solute particle that is surrounded by solvent molecules
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heat of solution
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the net amount of heat energy absorbed or released when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent
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concentration
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a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
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molarity
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the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution
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molarity equation
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M = mol
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