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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are saccharides?
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monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
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What are the classifications of carbs?
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stereoisomers, saccharides, aldoses, ketoses
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What are the classifications of stereoisomers?
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enantiomers, diastereoisomers, chiral molecules, chiral carbon or center, anomers, epimers
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What are the types of monosaccharides?
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glucose, fructose and galactose
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What are the types of disaccharides?
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maltose, lactose, and sucrose
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What are the types of polysaccharides?
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starch → amypectin, amylose
cellulose glycogen |
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What are carbohydrates?
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compounds containing CO₂ + H₂O
carbon + hydrate = carbohydrate |
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What is the formula for cellular respiration?
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6CO₂ + 6H₂O ⇌ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
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What are aldoses?
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compounds containing C as an aldehyde (-CHO)
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What are ketoses?
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compounds containing a keto group (C=O)
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Identify the molecule
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d-glyceraldehyde
aldotriose |
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Identify the molecule
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d-threose
aldotetrose |
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Identify the molecule
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d-ribose
aldopentose |
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Identify the molecule
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d-glucose
aldohexose |
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Identify the molecule
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d-ribulose
ketopentose |
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Identify the molecule
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d-fructose
ketohexose |
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Define: stereoisomers
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isomers in which the atoms are arranged in the same sequence but differ in the spatial arrangement (three-dimensional arrangement)
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Define: enatomers
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stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other but not super imposable, and they are chiral molecules containing chiral carbons
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Define: diastereoisomers
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molecules which are not mirror images of each other
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Define: chiral molecule
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carbon attached to 4 different groups is a chiral carbon
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Define: epimer
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compounds differ from each other in only one chiral carbon or chiral centers (MF = C₆H₁₂O₆)
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What is a D (dextro) isomer?
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when the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon (center) farthest removed from the aldehyde (-CHO) or keto group (C=O) is on the right side it is a "D" isomer of configuration
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What is a L-isomer?
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when the hydroxyl group is on the left and the molecule is the mirror images it is an "L" isomer
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Naturally occurring carbohydrates have only _____ and no ______
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Naturally occurring carbohydrates have only D-isomers and no L-isomers
d-glucose is natural dl-glucose is suynthetic (manmade) |
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What are the three types of saccharides?
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
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monosaccharides contain _____
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only one sugar unit
(MF = C₆H₁₂O₆) |
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disaccharides contains _____
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two monosaccharides
(MF = C₁₂H₂O₁₁) |
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polysaccharides are ____
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a polymer of monosaccharides
(MF = (C₆H₁₂O₆)n |
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monosaccharides cannot further be _______
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monosaccharides cannot further be hydrolyzed into simpler saccharides
α-D-glucse α,β - D- Glucose DL-glucose (don't buy) |
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An open chain structure of carbohydrates is known as
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Fischer Projection Formula
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Identify the molecule
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d-glucose
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Identify the molecule
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d-galactose
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Identify the molecule
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d-fructose
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Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
1. In solutions, the hydroxyl groups on the 5th carbon adds onto the carbonyl group to result a stable molecule known as a _______. |
Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
1. In solutions, the hydroxyl groups on the 5th carbon adds onto the carbonyl group to result a stable molecule known as a hemiacetal. |
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Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
2. The newly formed acetal contain the newly created chiral center of chiral carbon (#1); and it is known as an _______. |
Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
2. The newly formed acetal contain the newly created chiral center of chiral carbon (#1); and it is known as an "anomeric" center carbon. |
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Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
3. The hemiacetal (ring structure of carbohydrates is known as ______. |
Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
3. The hemiacetal (ring structure of carbohydrates is known as Haworth structure. |
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Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
4. In the Haworth structure of aldoses and ketoses the 6th carbon is ________. |
Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
4. In the Haworth structure of aldoses and ketoses the 6th carbon is always pointing up |
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Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
5. When the -OH group on the newly created chiral center [anomeric carbon] is pointing down; it is an ___ form. |
Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
5. When the -OH group on the newly created chiral center [anomeric carbon] is pointing down; it is an α form. |
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Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
5. When the -OH group on the newly created chiral center [anomeric carbon] is pointing up; it is an ___ form. |
Haworth (cyclic) structure of monosaccharides
5. When the -OH group on the newly created chiral center [anomeric carbon] is pointing up; it is an β form. |
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Haworth structure of d-fructose
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add picture here
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cereal grains including legumes, barley and fruits contain _____.
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
cereal grains including legumes, barley and fruits contain monosaccharides. |
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Fruits contain d-fructose; therefore _______
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
Fruits contain d-fructose; therefore it is a fruit sugar |
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Fructose is _____ more sweet than d-glucose.
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
Fructose is 100% more sweet than d-glucose. |
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Grape sugars including fructose and glucose on fermentation results in ______.
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
Grape sugars including fructose and glucose on fermentation results in drinking alcohol. |
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d-glucose undergoes Tollens oxidation results in _____ and _____
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
d-glucose undergoes Tollens oxidation results in d-glucomic acid and silver mirror |
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d-glucose undergoes Benedicts oxidation results in _____ and _____
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
d-glucose undergoes Benedicts oxidation results in d-glucomic acid and Cu₂O |
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d-glucse on hydrogenation [addition of H₂] in the presence of Pt or Pd results in _________
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Preparation and Properties of monosaccharides
d-glucse on hydrogenation [addition of H₂] in the presence of Pt or Pd results in a sugar known as "d-glucitol" |
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________ on hydrolysis results in two monosaccharides
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Disaccharides on hydrolysis results in two monosaccharides
(C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) |
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monosaccharides _____ be hydrolyzed
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monosaccharides can't be hydrolyzed
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What is the source of maltose?
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grains (soybeans, barley, maize, legumes, beans)
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What is the MF of maltose?
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C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
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Maltose on hydrolysis using an enzyme known as _____ present in the saliva is converted into two molecules of _______.
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Maltose on hydrolysis using an enzyme known as maltase present in the saliva is converted into two molecules of α-d-glucose.
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Maltose contains ______ glycosidic link
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Maltose contains α-1, 4 - glycosidic link
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The enzyme lactase in saliva hydrolyzes lactose into ______ and ______
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The enzyme lactase in saliva hydrolyzes lactose into β-d-galactose and α-d-galactose
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Lactose contains ____ glycosidic link.
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Lactose contains β-1,4 glycosidic link.
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Mother's milk contains ___ lactose; whereas cow's contains ___ lactose.
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Mother's milk contains 8% lactose; whereas cow's contains 4% lactose.
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If you lack the necessary enzyme to breakdown the β-1,4 glycosidic link present in lactose resulting in a condition known as _____.
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If you lack the necessary enzyme to breakdown the β-1,4 glycosidic link present in lactose resulting in a condition known as lactose intolerance; resulting in stomach cramp and diarrhea
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Lack of enzyme known as "β-d-galactose" necessary to convert β-d-galactose from lactose, into d-glucose results in a condition known as _____.
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Lack of enzyme known as "β-d-galactose" necessary to convert β-d-galactose from lactose, into d-glucose results in a condition known as galactosemia leaving the β-d-galactose in the blood causing "cataract, cirrhosis, mental retardation & eventually death"
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Sucrose on hydrolysis by an enzyme "sucrase" in saliva results in _____ & _____.
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Sucrose on hydrolysis by an enzyme "sucrase" in saliva results in α-d-glucose & β-d-fructose
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Sucrose contains ___, ___ glycosidic link
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Sucrose contains α-1, β-2 glycosidic link
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What is the MF for sucrose?
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C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
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Sugar cane contains ___ sucrose; whereas sugar beet contains ___ sucrose.
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Sugar cane contains 25% sucrose; whereas sugar beet contains 15% sucrose.
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What is glucosamine?
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for alleviating inflammatory swelling due to rheumatoid arthritis
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What is galactosamine?
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antigen for blood analysis
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Maltose and lactose have a free hemiacetal group in the molecules; whereas sucrose has both anomeric carbons are tied up or linked therefore, sucrose is ________.
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Maltose and lactose have a free hemiacetal group in the molecules; whereas sucrose has both anomeric carbons are tied up or linked therefore, sucrose is not a reducing sugar. (i.e. it does not undergo oxidation)
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α-d-glucose and β-d-glucose are in equilibrium in solution thru their open, and it is known as ______
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α-d-glucose and β-d-glucose are in equilibrium in solution thru their open, and it is known as mutarotation
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What are the two types of starch?
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amylose and amylopectin
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What is starch present in?
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grains, barley, legumes, carrots, potatoes, yams, wtc
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What is a simple starch?
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amylose
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List characteristics of amylose
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(simple starch)
-20% of starch -250-4000 glucose units -present in cereal grains, legumes, soy beans -grown over ground |
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List characteristics of amylopectic
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(complex starch)
-80% of starch -potatoes, carrots yams, taro, etc. -grown under ground |
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What is the structure of amylose?
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therefore amylose contains α-1,4 glycosidic link
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amylose + amylopectin →"amylase"→
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dextrins
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dextrins →"amylase"→
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maltose
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maltose →maltase in saliva→
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α-d-glucose
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Efficacy
Fermentation followed by distilled maltose yield ______ |
Efficacy
Fermentation followed by distilled maltose yield CH₃CH₂OH (whiskey) |
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Identify the structure
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amylopectic
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Amylopectin contains a _____ glycosidic link and _______ glycosidic link every ____ units
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Amylopectin contains an α-1,4 glycosidic link and α-1,6 glycosidic link every 25 units
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Cellulose on hydrolysis results in _____ which on further hydrolysis results in _____
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Cellulose on hydrolysis results in cellulose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) which on further hydrolysis results in β-d-glucose
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Identify the structure
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cellulose
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Cellulose contains _____ glycosidic link containing _____
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Cellulose containsβ-1,4 glycosidic link containing β-d-glucose
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Humans do not have the necessary enzyme to metabolize ____; whereas animals do.
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Humans do not have the necessary enzyme to metabolize β-d-glucose; whereas animals do.
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Where is glycogen present in?
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primarily in the liver and some muscle tissues
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The structure of glycogen is the same as _____ except branched containing α-1,4 glycosidic link and α-1,6 glycosidic link every 10 glucose units.
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The structure of glycogen is the same as amylopectinexcept branched containing α-1,4 glycosidic link and α-1,6 glycosidic link every 10 glucose units.
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Starch with iodine result in a ____; whereas the disaccharides show _____.
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Starch with iodine result in a deep blue color; whereas the disaccharides show brown color.
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starch →H₂SO₄→
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α-d-glucose
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Identify the structure and give the IUPAC name, common name and source
H-COOH |
IUPAC: methanoic acid
Common: formic acid Source: ant, bee stings |
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Identify the structure and give the IUPAC name, common name and source
CH₃-COOH |
IUPAC:ethanoic acid
Common: acetic acid Source: vinegar |
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Identify the structure and give the IUPAC name, common name and source
CH₃-CH₂-COOH |
IUPAC: propanic acid
Common: propionic acid Source: milk, cottage cheese |
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Identify the structure and give the IUPAC name, common name
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH |
IUPAC: pentanoic acid
Common: valeroic acid |
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Identify the structure and give the IUPAC name, common name
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂CH₂-COOH |
IUPAC: heptanoic acid
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Identify the structure and give the IUPAC name
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benzenoic acid
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How do you name carboxylic acids?
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1. name the alkane
2. delete the "e" 3. replace with "oic acid" |
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Identify the structure
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lactic acid
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Identify the structure
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succinic acid
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Identify the structure
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citric acid
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Identify the structure
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fumaric acid
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Name the structure
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o-hydroxybenzoic acid or salicylic acid (aspirin)
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Name the structure
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o-bromo-m-chloro-p-methoxy benzenoic acid
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Identify the structure
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pthalic acid
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Identify the structure
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isophatlic acid
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Identify the structure
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terepthalic acid
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Complete or strong oxidation of primary alcohols using K₂CR₂O7/H₂SO₄ or complete chromic acid oxidation results in _____.
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Complete or strong oxidation of primary alcohols using K₂CR₂O7/H₂SO₄ or complete chromic acid oxidation results in carboxylic acid.
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Oxidation of aldehydes result in a _____
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Oxidation of aldehydes result in a carboxylic acid
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Up to 4 carbons are _____ in _____
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Up to 4 carbons are soluble in water
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Carboxylic acids react with bases including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form _____ and _____.
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Carboxylic acids react with bases including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form salt and water.
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_____ is added to fruit juices, jams, salad dressing, etc. to prevent mold growth.
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Sodium Benzoate is added to fruit juices, jams, salad dressing, etc. to prevent mold growth.
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_____ is added to cheese, bread, and cookies (baked goods) to extend shelf life.
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Sodium Propanate II is added to cheese, bread, and cookies (baked goods) to extend shelf life.
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_____ and ____ are known as preservatives
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Sodium Benzoate and Sodium Propanate II are known as preservatives
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Identify the structure
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monosodiumglutamate aka MSG
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Carboxylic acids have a much higher boiling point than the corresponding alcohol due to _____ resulting in a "dimer"
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Carboxylic acids have a might higher boiling point than the corresponding alcohol due to hydrogen bonding resulting in a "dimer"
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Carboxylic acid react with alcohols in presence of an acid catalyst to undergo _____ resulting in _____.
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Carboxylic acid react with alcohols in presence of an acid catalyst to undergo dehydration resulting in "esters".
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How do you name an ester?
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1. name the alcohol alkyl group (i.e. the alkyl on the oxygen)
2. name the carboxylic acid 3. delete the "ic acid" 4. replace with "ate" |
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Esters are low boiling liquids when compared with the carboxylic acids and alcohols due to the absence of _____.
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Esters are low boiling liquids when compared with the carboxylic acids and alcohols due to the absence of hydrogen bonding.
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Esters are ____ smelling compounds and are used in the ______ industry.
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Esters are sweet smelling compounds and are used in the perfume industry.
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Esters on hydrolysis results in the _____ and the alcohols; whereas the ____ hydrolysis result in the alcohol and the ____ of the carboxylic acid
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Esters on hydrolysis results in the carboxylic acid and the alcohols; whereas the base (NaOH) hydrolysis result in the alcohol and the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid
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Saponification
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????
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What are some diseases that are linked to obesity?
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1. cancer
2. heart disease 3. diabetes 4. stroke 5. Alzheimer's disease 6. obesity |
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Fatty acids are a long chain of carboxylic acids that contain ____ number of carbons
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Fatty acids are a long chain of carboxylic acids that contain an even number of carbons
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Fatty acids that contain a C-C single bond are _______
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saturated fatty acids
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Fatty acids that contain at least one C-C bond is
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unsaturated fatty acid
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Identify the structure and name name it and the source
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Name: lauric acid
Source: coconut |
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Identify the structure and name name it and the source
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Name: myristic acid
Source: nutmeg |
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Identify the structure and name name it and the source
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Name: palmitic acid
Source: palms |
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Identify the structure and name name it and the source
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Name: stearic acid
Source: animal fat |
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Identify the structure and name name it and the source
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Name: arachidic acid
Source: corn, tissues, etc. |
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Identify the structure and name it and the source
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Name: palmitolecic acid
Source: butter |
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Identify the structure and name it and the source
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Name: oleic acid
Source: olive oil |
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Identify the structure and name it and the source
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Name: linoleic acid
Source: vegetable oil, soy oil |
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Identify the structure and name it and the source
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Name: linolemic acid
Source: found in COLD WATER FISH (salmon, halibut, mackerel, walnuts, tuna |
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How much saturated fat does Tilapia have?
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90%
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How much saturated fat does catfish have?
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60%
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Identify the structure
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arachadonic acid
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Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids contain only
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a cis double bond
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A cis fatty acid has a(n) _____ shape and it does not compact into a solid (i.e. is not solidified)
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A cis fatty acid has an irregular shape and it does not compact into a solid (i.e. is not solidified)
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whereas a trans fatty acid is _____ in structure the same as a _____ fatty acid and easily deposited as a solid
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Saturated fatty acid is _____ a solid; whereas an unsaturated fatty acid is a(n) _____ of _____ melting point
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Saturated fatty acid is invariable a solid; whereas an unsaturated fatty acid is a(n) oil of low melting point
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Fatty acids are ______ in water but _____ in organic solvents.
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Fatty acids are not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
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Fatty acids react with alcohols including glycerol to result in _____ known as _____ or _____
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Fatty acids react with alcohols including glycerol to result in triesters known as triacyl glycerols or glyceroltriesters
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Triglycerides known as ____ are present in human in the adipose tissue cells under the skin especially in the _____.
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Triglycerides known as fats are present in human in the adipose tissue cells under the skin especially in the abdominal cavity.
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Saturated triglycerides are known as _____ contain _____ molecules of the same fatty acid
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Saturated triglycerides are known as simple triglycerides contain 3 molecules of the same fatty acid
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Unsaturated triglycerides contain different fatty acids and are hence known as _____
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Unsaturated triglycerides contain different fatty acids and are hence known as mixed triglycerides
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Triglycerides are _____
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Triglycerides are hydrophobic, not soluble in H₂O
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Triglycerides on acid hydrolysis results in _____ and the fatty acid; whereas on base hydrolysis results in _____ and the _____ of the fatty acid, known as _____.
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Triglycerides on acid hydrolysis results in glyercol and the fatty acid; whereas on base hydrolysis results in glycerol and the sodium salt of the fatty acid, known as "soap".
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SOAP: sodium salt of fatty acid
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hard soap
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soft soap
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soap is _____ (i.e. contain polar and nonpolar domain)
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add pic
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During a bath, the _____ ends of a soap dissolves the oil and grease to form a lather; and the _____ end washes away the later in water.
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During a bath, the nonpolar ends of a soap dissolves the oil and grease to form a lather; and the polar end washes away the later in water.
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Show the formation of a triglyceride from palmitic acid
1. Name it 2. Show the saponification |
add pic
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Glyceryl phospholipids "membrane lipids"
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1 glycerol, 2 molecules of fatty acid and phosphatidyl amine
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cephalin
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components
glycerol, 2 molecules of palmitic acid, phosphate, and ethanol amine |
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lecithins
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components
glycerol, 2 myristi acids, phosphate, and choline |
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Identify the structure
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choline
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Identify the structure
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myristic acid
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True/False: Glyceryl phospholipids are present in the bilayer membrane
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true
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Glyceryl phospholipids are ____
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Glyceryl phospholipids are amphipathic (i.e. contains both nonpolar and polar domains
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The _____ are known as heads are pointing towards the outer end of the bilayer membrane; whereas the _____ tail is pointing inward
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The polar ends are known as heads are pointing towards the outer end of the bilayer membrane; whereas the nonpolar tail is pointing inward
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sphingomyeline
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contain spingosine, fatty acids, and the phospatyl choline
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spingosine
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a 18 carbon chain containing a 2° and 1° alcohol & alkene & amine group
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The cermide reacts with the phosphatidyl choline to form the _____
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sphingomyelins
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sphingomyelines are present in the _____.
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sphingomyelines are present in the myeline sheaths.
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sphingoglycolipids
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a ceramide present with β-d-galactose & β-d-glucose to result in ______.
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glycosphingolipids
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lack of enzyme β-d-galactidase necessary to break and metabolize the β-d-galactose present in the galactocerebroside results in a disease known as _____ disease which results in mental retardation and death.
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lack of enzyme β-d-galactidase necessary to break and metabolize the β-d-galactose present in the galactocerebroside results in a disease known as "Krabe" disease which results in mental retardation and death.
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_____ are present in the human brain
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cerebrosides are present in the human brain
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waxes
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esters obtained by long chain carboxylic acids and long chain alcohols
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Identify the structure
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myrissyl alcohol
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cholesterol is produced in the ____
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cholesterol is produced in the liver
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Cholesterol produced in humans is known as _____
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Cholesterol produced in humans is known as biosynthetic cholesterol
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100mL of human blood contains ____mg our cholesterol and _____mg of cholesterol ester a fatty acid.
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100mL of human blood contains 50 mg our cholesterol and 170 mg of cholesterol ester a fatty acid.
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Humans produce _____mg cholesterol per day. Daily recommended intake of cholesterol is ____mg per day, in the US daily intake of cholesterol is ____mg a day.
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Humans produce 900-1000 mg cholesterol per day. Daily recommended intake of cholesterol is 200-300 mg per day, in the US daily intake of cholesterol is 400-600 mg a day.
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The biosynthetic cholesterol produced in the liver is transported in the blood to the tissue cells to covert it into _____.
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The biosynthetic cholesterol produced in the liver is transported in the blood to the tissue cells to covert it into hormones.
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Identify the structure
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biocholesterol (liver)
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Identify the structure
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progesterone
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produced in the uterus to strengthen uterus receive embryo
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Identify the structure
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testosterone
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(male sex hormone) enhances male sexual characteristics and builds muscle
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Identify the structure
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estrogen
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(ovary)
1. female sex hormone 2. enhances female sexual characteristics 3. regulates menstrual cycle 4. helps ovulation 5. stimulates mammary glands during lactation and pregnancy 6. prevents pregnancy during lactation |
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Identify the structure
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cortisol
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Identify the structure
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norethindrone (contraceptive pills)
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Identify the structure
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RU-486
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