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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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addition reactions
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occur when two reactants add together to form a single product with no atoms "left over"
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elimination reactions
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occur when a single reactant splits into two products, often with formation of a small molecule such as water or HBr.
may involve a catalyst |
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substitution reaction
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occurs when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products
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rearrangement reaction
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occurs when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric product
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reaction mechanism
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an overall description of how a reaction occurs
describes in detail exactly what takes place at each stage of a chemical transformation--which bonds are broken and in what order, which bonds are formed and in what order, and what the relative rates of the steps are |
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All chemical reactions involves:
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bond breaking and bond making
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bond breaking
show movement of one electron in the symmetrical process |
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show e- movement in the formation of a bond
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radical reactions
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processes that involve symmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making
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radical
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often called a "free radical"
A neutral chemical species that contains an odd number of electrons and thus has a single, unpaired electron in one of its orbitals |
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polar reactions
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processes that involve unsymmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making
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a radical is highly reactive because:
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it contains an atom with an odd number of electrons (usually seven) in its valence shell
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prostaglandins
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a large class of molecules found in virtually all body tissues and fluids
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polar reactions occur because of:
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the electrical attraction between positive and negative centers on functional groups in molecules
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metals bonded to carbon are _____ EN
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less electronegative
So, a carbon atom bonded to a metal has a partial negative charge |
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Draw these
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are curved, full-headed arrow, shows:
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where electrons move when reactant bonds are broken and product bonds are formed
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nucleophile
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a substance that is "nucleus-loving"
A nucleophile has a negatively polarized, electron-rich atom and can form a bond by donating a pair of electrons to a positively polarized, electron-poor atom The nucleophile may be either neutral or negatively charged. e.g., ammonia, water, hydroxide ion, chloride ion |
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electrophile
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"electron loving"
An electrophile has a positively polarized, electron-poor atom and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile Can be either neutral or positively charged. E.g., acids (H+ donors), alkyl halides, carbonyl compounds |
