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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the first question to ask about matter?
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Can it be physically seperated?
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If matter can't be physically seperated, it is called.....
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pure substance
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If matter is a pure substance, what is the next question to ask?
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Can it be chemically seperated?
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If a pure substance can't be seperated, it is called...
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an element
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if a pure substance can be seperated, it is called...
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a chemical compound
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If matter can be physically seperated, it is called..
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a mixture
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If you have a mixture, what is the next question to ask?
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is it uniform?
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If a mixture is not uniform, it is called..
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heterogeneous
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If a mixture is uniform, it is called..
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homogeneous
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One Kg is equal to .... lbs
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2.2 lbs
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one meter is equal to .... inches
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39
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a kalvin equals...
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Degrees Celcius - 273.15
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10>9
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gigga
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10>6
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mega
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10>3
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Kilo
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10>-9
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nano
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10>-2
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centi
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10> -3
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milli
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10> -6
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micro
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10> -12
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Peco
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10> -15
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Fento
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symbol for number of protons
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Z
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isotopes are..
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the same element with a different number of neutrons
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in isotope expression, is the atomic mass on top or bottom?
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top
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What does amu stand for?
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Atomic Mass Unit
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what is atomic mass?
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fraction of C12 (abundance) x mass of C12 / fraction of C13 x mass of C13
*can be found on periodic table |
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what is molar mass?
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same as atomic mass except in grams/mole
*can be found on periodic table |
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how can moles be found?
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mass/molar mass
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on the periodic table, periods run ---
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horizontally
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on the periodic table, groups run ---
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vertically
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cations (gain/lose) electrons
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lose
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anions (gain/lose) electrons
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gain
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compounds have a ---- composition
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fixed
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what is a solution?
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a homogenious mixture of at least 2 kinds of atoms/molecules/ions
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when determining a molecular formula of a certain amount of C and H, what does the set up look like?
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mass of H/atomic mass of H /
mass of C/atomic mass of C = emperical |
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What is an aqueous solution?
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a homogeneous mixture of liquid water and at least one other kind of atom/molecule/ionic compound
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Many ionic compound (do/don't) dissolve in water.
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do
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Strong electrolyte Solutions have many -----.
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ions
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Weak electrolyte solutions have few -----.
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ions
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H+ is which part of an atom?
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proton
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What is dynamical equilibrium?
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only a fraction of the solute has become ionized.
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What is a strong acid?
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HCl
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What is a weak acid?
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CH3COOH
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What is a strong base?
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NaOH
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What is a weak base?
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NH3
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What is the Grotthus Mechanism?
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Excess protons diffuse through H-Bonding network of water molecules.
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What does the C stand for in CASH n Gia?
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chlorates, ClO3
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What does the A stand for in CASH n Gia?
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acetates, CH3CO2
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What does the S stand for in CASH n Gia?
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sulfates, SO4
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What does the H stand for in CASH n Gia?
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halogens, Cl-,Br-, I-, F-
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What does the N stand for in CASH n Gia?
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NO3
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What does the Gia stand for in CASH n Gia?
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Group 1A metals, Na+, K+, NH4
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What are the exceptions for Sulfates?
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CBS and Pbs; Ca+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+
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What are the exceptions for Halogens?
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Happy; Hb2+, Ag 2+, Pb2+ and Mg2+
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When looking for a precipitate, mix and match ALL reactants in ionic form to see if...
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any insoluble compounds can form. this means a precipitate will.
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Solids in a precipitate reaction are charged...
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neutrally
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what does the net ionic equation show?
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what part of the reactants underwent chemical change.
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what is stoichiometry?
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the relationship between the quantities of chemical reactants and products.
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what is chemical equilibrium?
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a condition where forward and reverse reaction rates in a chemical system are equal.
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What are basic oxides?
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oxides of metals that give basic solutions if dissolved appreciably in water
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what are acidic oxides?
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oxides that react with water to produce H3O ions
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what happens during frameshift mutations?
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insertion/deletion of base pairs that results in misread mRNA which then leads to the wrong amino acid production
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what is a disease that is an example of frameshift mutation?
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polycystic kidney disease 2 or cystic fibrosis
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what does ubiquitin do?
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attaches to misfolded proteins
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what does parkin do?
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attaches ubiquitin to proteins
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what do proteosomes do?
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break down bad proteins
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what is parkinson's?
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death of nerve cells
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what are 'lewy bodies'?
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abnormally folded proteins
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what are the two kinds of Parkinson's disease?
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sporadic and inherited
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what are two examples of spongy brain disease?
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1. scrapie
2. tremble 3. creutzfeldt-jacob disease (CJD) 4. madcow and chronic wasting |
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what type of proteins cause spongy brain disease?
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prions
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what is a prion (bad)?
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infectious protein; normally found in all mammals; not always infectious
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what does aerobic respiration undergo?
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glycosis
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what does anaerobic respiration undergo?
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fermentation
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what are the two products of the two types of fermentation?
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1. lactic acid
2. ethanol |
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what is a key characteristic of animal tissues in order to create surface area?
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folding
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what does more surface area conserve?
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water
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body cells are bathed in ----.
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interstitial fluid
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what are three reasons why we must eat?
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ATP, materials for cell, nutrients/vitamins
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what is suspension feeding?
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sifting small food particles from water
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what is substrate feeding?
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animals live on or in their food sources
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what is fluid feeding?
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sucking nutrient rich fluids from living hosts
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what is bulk feeding?
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eating relatively large pieces of food
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depending on food sources, animals have evolved a wide variety of ----.
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mouthparts
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--- are the only vertebrates that chew their food.
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mammals
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what is digestion?
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breakdown of food into small enough pieces to absorb
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what is absorption?
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uptake of specific nutrient molecules
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what is mechanical digestion?
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physical breakdown of food, increases surface area
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what is chemical digestion?
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enzymes break down food from larger molecules to their monomers
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where does digestion start?
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the mouth
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what is a key part in initial digestion?
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saliva
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what is salivary amylase?
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an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides
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what is lingual lipase?
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an enzyme that breaks down fats
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what do mucins in saliva do?
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lubricate food
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what do antibacterial agents do in saliva?
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kill the nasties
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what is a bolus?
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it's a slimy sac/wad of food that travels down one's throat after chewing
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what is peristalsis?
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muscles pulling food down the esophogus
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what two chemicals makeup gastric juices?
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HCl and pepsin
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what is pepsin?
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it's a protease, an enzyme that digests proteins
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what is epithelial tissue?
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sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs, body cavities, and external surfaces
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pepsin is secreted in an --- form and only when --- is present
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inactive; food
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what do parietal cells secrete?
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pepsinogen; an inactive pepsin enzyme
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what is positive feedback?
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one enzyme stimulating the production/activation of more enzymes (chain reaction)
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what do mucus cells do?
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secrete mucus and protect other cells
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what do stomach epilphelial cells do?
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cause rapids mitosis and thus ulcers
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acid --- moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
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chyme
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in the small intestine, chemical digestion continues as --- ---- breaks down carbohydrates.
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pancreatic amylase
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in the small intestine, chemical digestion continues as --- are also broken down.
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proteins
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trypsinogen is --- from the pancreas.
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inactive
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typsinogen mixes with enterokinase and becomes ---.
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active with trypsin
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bile is made in the --- and stored in the --- ----.
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liver; gall bladder
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bile allows pancreatic lipase to further break down ----.
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lipids
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nucleic acids are made by the ---.
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pancreas
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absorption occurs across the --- ----.
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small intestine
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what are villi?
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little folds for absorption in the intestinal wall
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what are microvilli?
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little folds that brush the border of the intestinal wall
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nucleic acids are made by the ---.
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pancreas
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what do lacteals do?
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connect the intestinal wall to lymph systems
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absorption occurs across the --- ----.
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small intestine
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what are villi?
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little folds for absorption in the intestinal wall
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what are microvilli?
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little folds that brush the border of the intestinal wall
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what do lacteals do?
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connect the intestinal wall to lymph systems
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nutrients go from the bloodstream to the ---- and then to ----
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liver; rest of the body
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chief cells secrete ---.
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pepsinogen
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parietal cells excrete ---.
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HCl
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what is the cecum?
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it's an anaerobic chamber in the small intestine of herbivores that contains bacteria which then digests cellulose
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what makes herbivore small intestines different than those of carnivores? (4)
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longer, cecum, more SA, and more absorption time
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herbivores often eat --- in order to gain more nutrients.
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poop
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what are the three functions of the large intestine?
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1. reclaiming water
2. elimination of solid waste 3. home to mutualistic bacteria |
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where are epidermal cells connected?
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tight junctions
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what regulate the digestive process?
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hormones
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what are hormones?
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chemical messengers that are released into the blood stream and act on a distant target cell.
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hormones release digestive enzymes via -----.
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endocytosis
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hormones often --- appetite.
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suppress
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what is leptin?
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a protein secreted by fat cells; decreases food intake and metabolic rate
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what is homeostasis?
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maintenance of constant internal conditions
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what is negative feedback?
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a change in variable trigger mechanisms that reverse that change
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often the problem with obese people is not in the production of leptin, but in the ---.
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receptors
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gas exchange must occur between --- and external environment.
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mitochondria
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what three things are involved with gas exchange and circulation?
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ventilation, circulation, and cell respiration
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what is ventilation?
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movement of air and water across an exchange surface
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all gases move by means of ---.
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diffusion
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respiratory surfaces are thick/thin.
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thin
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respiratory surfaces are dry/moist
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moist
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respiratory surfaces are composed of living/dead cells.
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living
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how does ventilation work in gills?
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mouth and operculum open and close which then pumps water over gills
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what is the gill arch?
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structure that holds many gill filaments
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the flow of water over gills is ----.
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unidirectional
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what is countercurrent exchange? (gills)
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water flows in one direction, blood flows in the opposite. very efficient
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in the countercurrent exchange system, O2 in respiratory surface always is higher/lower than O2 in blood.
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higher
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insects have a --- system for respiration.
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trachial
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what are spiracles?
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holes in the exoskeleton of and insect which lead directly to cells
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how do animals with a tracheal system ventilate?
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1. diffusion
2. muscle contraction |
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how does a lung system work?
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trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
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what are alveoli?
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sacs at the tips of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
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how does ventilation occur in lunged animals?
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breathing; use of diaphragm
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when diaphragm contracts, inhalation/exhalation occurs.
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inhalation
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what type of air flow do humans have?
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tidal
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what is a problem with tidal air flow?
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gas exchange is not across entire respiratory surfaces
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what is residual volume?
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air left in the alveoli after exhalation (oxygen depleted "dead air")
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what part of a bird lung makes it more efficient?
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an air sac pushes are over the lungs.
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what part enables one-way air flow of a bird lung?
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parabronchi
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what kind of blood flow do birds have?
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cross current exchange
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in cross current blood flow, capillaries run -- to air flow.
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perpendicular
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put in order of most to least efficient blood flow: birds, fish, humans.
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fish, birds, humans
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blood is composed of --- and ---.
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plasma and cells
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what does plasma contain? (4)
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1. ions
2. proteins 3. nutrients/hormones/gases 4. wastes |
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what cellular elements are in blood? (3)
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red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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where are red blood cells made?
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from stem cells in bone marrow
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what happens to cells in order to form red blood cells? (what do they lose?)
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lose nuclei, mitochondria, and organelles
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what fills red blood cells?
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hemoglobin
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what is hemoglobin?
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a protein made of 4 polypeptide chains which carry oxygen
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what allow oxygen molecules to bind to the hemoglobin?
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iron hemes in the hemoglobin; enable a relationship where oxygen binds reversably to the hemoglobin
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what is meant by cooperativity in O2 binding?
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O2 binds one subunit and then the 3 other units increase affinity for O2; then O2 leaves one subunit and the other 3 subunits readily unload O2.
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CO binds to hemoglobin ---.
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irreversably
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Production of -- during cellular respiration promotes unloading of O2 by hemoglobin in active tissue.
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CO2
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In cellular respiration, CO2 reacts with water to form a molecule with -- ions which then lower pH.
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H+
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what does the lowering of pH do during cellular respiration?
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maintains homeostasis
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how is CO2 transported? (3)
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a little stays in plasma, a little is picked up by hemoglobin, and more reacts with water in red blood cells and is carried by bicarbonate in plasma.
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what does it mean to have a closed circulatory system?
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blood is contained in vessels and pumped by a heart.
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what do arteries do?
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carry blood away from heart
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what do veins do?
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carry blood to heart
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what do capillaries do?
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connect arteries and veins; capillary beds are a site of exchange for gases, nutrients, and wastes
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what are the characteristics of arteries?
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thick, elastic, muscular
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what are the characteristics of veins?
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surrounded by skeletal muscles which push the blood; contain valves
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what are the characteristics of capillaries?
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thin, large diameter, slow flow
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fish have a - chambered heart.
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2
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fish have -- circulation.
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single
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fish have --- blood flow
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sluggish
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amphibians have -- circulation.
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double
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amphibians have a -- chambered heart.
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3
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amphibians have -- blood flow.
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vigourous
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mammals and birds have --- circulation.
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double
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mammals and birds have a -- chambered heart.
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4
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endothermic creatures use -- times the energy of an exothermic creature.
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10
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an open circulatory system uses circulatory fluid known as ---.
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hemolymph
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what are the cardio systems of animals at high altitudes like?
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-large heart and lungs
-many red blood cells -high oxygen affinity -high hemoglobin counts |
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what are the cardio systems of diving animals like?
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-large volume of blood
-many red blood cells for O2 storage -anaerobic respiration |
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what do the muscles of diving animals contain that other animals don't?
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myoglobin; an O2 binding protein found in muscle tissue
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what are the three forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted from body systems?
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1. ammonia/ammonium
2. urea 3. uric acid |
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what three things must be balanced during excretion?
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1. toxicity
2. energy cost 3. water loss |
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what are the five qualifications to allopatric speciation?
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1. single population
2. different environment and migration than other groups 3. geographic isolation 4. reproductive isolating mechanisms evolve 5. Formerly isolated population can coexist and still remain distinct |
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what are a few examples of geographical barriers in south america?
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amazon, forest and non forest areas, andes mountains, former continental drifts
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what animal is an example of speciation breeding in south america?
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manakins
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when considering how populations in isolation diverge: how does ecology have an effect?
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mate choice and pollination. when different environments are around a population, different animals surrounding it will utilize it in different manners.
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when considering how populations in isolation diverge: how does genetic drift have an effect?
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chance, unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies. (this is most effective in small populations)
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what is the bottleneck effect?
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a portion of a population becomes geologically isolated from the rest of the population, thus is limited in genetic variation, and even when the population is reunited, the alleles are still lost.
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what happens in ongoing hybridization?
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species boarders become fuzzy and hybrids are then made (breeding disrupted by loss of varying habitat)
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what is an example of human induction of hybrids due to disrupted habitat?
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lake victoria's cichlids due to cloudy water, fire bellied toads
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when considering possible outcomes of hybridization: what is fusion?
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species mingle again
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when considering possible outcomes of hybridization: what is continuation of hybridization?
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hybridization continues
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when considering possible outcomes of hybridization: what is reinforcement?
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hybrids are not able to be produced due to separation of species
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hybridization reinforcement is an example of -- speciation.
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sympatric
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what are two examples of sympatric speciation?
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apple maggot and storm petral (breeding times are varied and by natural selection diverge into two completely different times)
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what is an example of speciation by polyploidy?
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cacti
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what is polyploidy?
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use of homologous chromosome pairs
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are rates of speciation faster or slower with human intervention such as in a lab or lake victoria vs. in nature?
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faster
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what is endemism?
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the occurance of a form in a restricted area ******(this is the importance of isolation to speciation)******
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hawaii has few groups, but is rich in ---.
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species
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what is convergent (analogous) evolution?
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differing ancestors but the same adaptions due to the same environmental pressures
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geologic time scale was established before darwin wrote --- .
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origin of species
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how old is earth?
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4.55 billion years
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what group of convergent mammalian history contains whales, dolphins, and porpoises?
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cetaceans
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what group of convergent mammalian history contains seals?
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pinne----
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what group of convergent mammalian history contains manatees?
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sis-----
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all convergent mammalian contain similar hand bones due to ----.
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shared ancestry
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whales are said to have diverged from which species?
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ungulates
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whale embryos have a hindlimb starting at -- days and stopping at --- days.
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24, 48
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