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74 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
accuracy.
The closeness of a measurement to the actual value.
accurate.
low systematic error.
base (fundamental) unit.
A unit that defines the standard for one of the seven physical quantities in the International System of Units (SI).
calibration.
The process of correcting for systematic error of a measuring device by comparing it to a known standard.
Celsius scale.
(formerly centigrade scale) A temperature scale in which the freezing and boiling points of water are defined as 0°C and 100°C, respectively.
chemical change (also chemical reaction).
A change in which a substance is converted into a substance with different composition and properties.
chemical property.
A characteristic of a substance that appears as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances. e.g.; combustion.
classification process.
Matter can be classified in a decision tree that starts by deciding if we have a pure substance (compounds and elements) or a mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous).
controlled experiment.
An experiment that measures the effect of one variable at a time by keeping other variables constant.
composition.
The types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter.
compound.
A substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. >= 2 atom types (CHO=Glucose).
conversion factor.
A ratio of equivalent quantities that is equal to 1 and used to convert the units of a quantity.
cubic meter (m^3).
The SI derived unit of volume.
data.
Pieces of quantitative information obtained by observation.
density (d).
An intensive physical property of a substance at a given temperature and pressure, defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume: d = m/V.
dimensional analysis.
(also factor-label method) A calculation method in which arithmetic steps are accompanied by the appropriate canceling of units.
digit term.
1.30 in 1.30 x 10^3.
derived unit.
Any of various combinations of the seven SI base units.
distributions of values.
can be described by a mean (average) and standard deviation.
element.
The simplest type of substance with unique physical and chemical properties. An element consists of only one kind of atom, so it cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
energy.
The capacity to do work, that is. to move matter. [See also kinetic energy (Ek) and potential energy (Ep).].
errors.
Can be random or systematic.
exact number (exact values).
A quantity, usually obtained by counting or based on a unit definition, that has no uncertainty associated with it and; therefore, contains as many significant figures as a calculation requires.
experiment.
A clear set of procedural steps that tests a hypothesis.
exponent term.
10^3 in 1.30 x 10^3.
extensive property.
A property, such as mass, that depends on the quantity of substance present.
gas.
One of the three states of matter. A gas fills its container regardless of the shape. Fills volume of container; particles are far apart and disorganized.
heat (a).
The energy transferred between objects because of differences in their temperatures only; thermal energy.
heterogeneous mixture.
A mixture that has one or more visible boundaries among its components.
homogeneous mixture (also solution).
A mixture that has no visible boundaries among its components.; has a uniform composition because the components (elements and/or compounds) are mixed as individual atoms, ions or molecules (compounds distributed at random).
hypothesis.
A testable proposal made to explain an observation. If inconsistent with experimental results, a hypothesis is revised or discarded.
Intensive property.
A property, such as temperature and density, that does not depend on the quantity of substance present.
kelvin (absolute) scale.
The preferred temperature scale in scientific work, which has absolute zero (0 K, or -273.15°C) as the lowest temperature. See also kelvin (K).
kelvin (K).
The SI base unit of temperature. The kelvin is the same size as the Celsius degree.
kilogram (kg).
The SI base unit of mass.
kinetic energy (Ek).
The energy an object has because of its motion.
liquid.
One of the three states of matter. A liquid fills a container to the extent of its own volume and thus forms a surface (macroscopic properties); particles are close together, but less organized than a solid, but more ogranized than a gas (microscopic properties)
liter (L).
A non-Si unit of volume equivalent to 1 cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meters).
macroscopic properties.
properties which are visible to naked eye, or smell or touch or taste.
matter.
Anything that possesses mass and occupies volume.
mass (kg).
The quantity of matter an object contains. Balances are designed to measure mass.
measurements.
have some uncertainty.
meter (m).
The SI base unit of length. The distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 second.
microscopic properties.
properties which require a the use of a microscope to see.
milliliter (mL).
A volume (0.001 L) equivalent to 1 cubic centimeter.
mixture.
A group of two or more elements and/or compounds that are physically intermingled.
mixtures .
can be separated into their components by physical means.
model (theory).
A simplified conceptual picture based on experiment that explains how an aspect of nature occurs.
natural law.
(also law) A summary, form, of a universal observation.
observation.
A fact obtained with the senses, often with the aid of instruments. Quantitative observations provide data that can be compared objectively.
significant figures (number of digits in a number).
The digits obtained in a measurement. The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty of the measurement. 1. Zeroes preceding the first nonzero digit are not significant (place-holding function only) 2. Zeroes beyond the decimal point at the end of the number are significant (indicate additional precision).
physical change.
A change in which the physical form (or state) of a substance, but not its composition, is altered. e.g.; melting point, boiling pt (requires energy)
physical property (or characteristics).
A characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with or changing into other substances. e.g.; color, odor, conductivity, density. Does not depend on size.
potential energy.
(Ep) The energy an object has as a result of its position relative to other objects or because of its composition.
precision (also reproducibility).
The closeness of a measurement to other measurements of the same phenomenon in a series of experiments. Refers to how close one measurement is to another. Higher precision = Lower # of random errors.
property.
A characteristic that gives a substance its unique identity.
random error.
Human error that occurs in all measurements and results in values both higher and lower than the actual value.
round off.
The process of removing digits based on a series of rules to obtain an answer with the proper number of significant figures (or decimal places).
scientific knowledge.
1. Testable, 2. Reproducible, 3. Explanatory, 4. Predictive, 5. Tentative.
scientific method.
A process of creative thinking and testing aimed at objective, verifiable discoveries of the causes of natural events. 1. Observation, 2. Hypothesis, 3. Experiment, 4. Model Development, 5. Further Experiment.
scientific thinking.
involves making observations and gathering data to develop hypotheses. Controlled experiments then test hypotheses until enough results are obtained to create a model (theory) that explains the observed phenomena. A sound theory can predict events but must be changed if new experimental results conflict with it. The Scientific Method involves five steps in specific order.
seconds (s).
The SI base unit of time.
SI units.
A unit composed of one or more of the base units of the Systeme International d'Unites, a revised metric system.
significant figures (number of digits in a number).
The digits obtained in a measurement. The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty of the measurement. 1. Zeroes preceding the first nonzero digit are not significant (place-holding function only) 2. Zeroes beyond the decimal point at the end of the number are significant (indicate additional precision).
solid.
One of the three states of matter. A solid has a fixed shape that does not conform to the container shape. fixed shape = macroscopic property (can see with eyes); particles are close together and organized = microscopic properties.
state of matter.
One of the three physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, or gas.
substance.
A type of matter, either an element or a compound, that has a fixed composition. I.e.; cannot be separated by physical means.
systematic error.
A type of error producing values that are all either higher or lower than the actual value, often caused by faulty equipment or a consistent fault in technique.
tempurature (T).
A measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance.
thermometer.
A device for measuring temperature that contains a fluid that expands or contracts within a graduated tube.
uncertainty.
A characteristic of every measurement that results from the inexactness of the measuring device and the necessity of estimating when taking a reading.
variable.
A quantity that can have more than a single value. See also controlled experiment.
volume (V).
The space occupied by a sample of matter.
weight.
weight The force exerted by a gravitational field on an object.