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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles first parliament (1625) |
Issues Finance- need £1 million to finance the war but parliament only granted 2 subsidies and T+P for a year Foreign policy- Cadiz a disastrous anti Spanish intervention into 30 years war Religion- parliament attacked Charles support of Arminian cleric Montagu Buckingham- source of tension due to influence on the crown Parliament dissolved after just 2 months |
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Charles second parliament (1626) |
Issues Finance- mps reluctant to grant subsidies and didn't agree with forced loan Foreign policy- Charles blamed parliament for Cadiz as he had no funding La rochelle- Buckingham tried to attack French but failed Religon- asked laud to preach at opening sermon Buckingham- tried to reinforce his position by removing anyone that was a threat and mps started impeachment against Buckingham so Charles dissolved parliament |
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Charles third parliament (1628-9) |
Finance- agreed to grant 5 subsidies Constitutional issue- petition of right when parliament was concerned charles couldn't be trusted to rule by unwritten constitution as his powers need to be restricted Buckingham- in august 1628 Buckingham was assassinated but Charles blamed parliament for his negative impression Other issues- 5 knight case due to common opposition of charles so they created the petition if right |
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State of relations between crown and parliament by 1629 |
Petition if right failed to address financial income and arminianism Parliament questioned trusting Charles because at first he didn't respond to the petition in the proper way 3 resolutions There were still moderates who wanted compromise 2 march 1629- radicals ruined Charles dissolving parliament until the 3 resolutions were passed They expressed opposition to arminianism and T+P Charles responding by dissolving parliament 2 days later Eliot, holles and valentine were arrested for treason For next 11 years Charles ruled without parliament |
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Personal rule 1629 |
Collapse of relationship between Charles and the political nation meant Charles ruled without parliament His royal prerogative allowed this |
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Arminianism and laudianism |
Arminianism had emphasis on ceremony, music and decoration which appealed to Calvinists more than Puritanism Puritans had emphasis on long sermons and Bible It was Charles favouring of laudianism that triggered Britain's war on religion by alienating Calvinists and antagonising puritans |
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Laudianism |
Anti-calvinists Not a group with set coherent beliefs Had 2 key characteristics rejection of predestination and less emphasis on the Bible and more on ceremony Communion table moved and railed off as an altar in the East of the church Decoration such as stained glass windows and more music Ministers wearing vestments and removal of pews Changes had greatest effect on puritan churches as it they thought changes were all mirroring Catholics For laud and Charles this gave services more conformity and order Laud limited preaching to a Sunday to control puritans Puritan preaching further limited an attack on the feoffees for impropriations Reinforced power of the church over laity Reissue of the book of sports and clergy who failed to read it would be expelled or imprisoned they did checks via visitations and ecclesiastical courts Puritans believed Charles was being influenced by Catholics but Charles support of arminians was due to fear of puritans |
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Puritans opposition to personal rule |
Millienarians- political crisis Were worried about influence of arminians and Catholics St Gregory's case 1633 Parishioners of St Gregory's church challenged the moving of the communion table to the east of the church Caused offence due to moving of the pews Upset to puritan sensibilities John Williams Bishop was imprisoned in 1637 as he published a criticism of the altar policy and criticism indicated terminology was a source of contention Prynne, Burton and bastwick 1637 Were brought before star chamber court for criticisms of church policy and laudianism Fined and imprisoned Had their ears cut off Public sympathy due to men being professionals and most people knew them due to their criticisms John Lilburne Helped distribute bastwick work Driven to oppose laudianism Found guilty of publishing unlicenced literature Was fined and whipped in public Great migration Emigration to north America Change in life due to faith 60,000 people made journey but not all religious |
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Imposition of laudianism in Scotland 1625-37 |
Scotland mostly Presbyterian Charles and laud wanted to align laudianism with Scottish church as he aimed to achieve conformity across all kingdoms Policies and events towards Scots Act of vevocation Charles exploited feudal right to take land from Scottish Kirk to support church in Scotland But it only reunited land owners against Charles Articles of Perth King issued proclamation demanding to see articles of Perth Addressed different issues Charles visit 1633 Went to Scotland to be crowned king but didn't create positive impression Offensive to scots and was Catholics Announcement of new prayer book lead to rebellion in Scotland and start of British civil wars Church laws on Scotland 1636 Based on articles of Perth An attempt to return to Catholicism Reforms imposed by royal prerogative Scottish parliament to have a say in canons 1637 Introduced in Scotland Imposed without consultation with Scottish parliament Charles made not attempt to allow general assembly of Scottish parliament to have a say in canons Laudian prayer book 1637 Introduced in Scotland Imposed without consultation with Scottish parliament Leaned towards Catholicism and threatened religious independence Triggered conflict in St Giles cathedral and started Scottish rebellion which lead to the British civil wars of Scottish parliament to have a say in canons Laudian prayer book 1637 Introduced in Scotland Imposed without consultation with Scottish parliament Leaned towards Catholicism and threatened religious independence Triggered conflict in St Giles cathedral and started Scottish rebellion which lead to the British civil wars Leaned towards Catholicism and threatened religious independence Laudian prayer book 1637 Introduced in Scotland Imposed without consultation with Scottish parliament Leaned towards Catholicism and threatened religious independence Triggered conflict in St Giles cathedral and started Scottish rebellion which lead to the British civil wars Triggered conflict in St Giles cathedral and started Scottish rebellion which lead to the British civil wars and started Scottish rebellion which lead to the British civil wars |
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How and why civil war started? |
Finance By 1629 Charles was £2 million in debt and had problems raising revenue Saving due to: Peace with Spain and France and withdrawal from 30 years war Custom duties (T+P), wardship, monopolies, recusancy fines and knighthoods By exploiting his royal prerogative he was able to raise income by £900,000 but he was still in financial trouble Ship money |
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Opposition to the personal rule in Scotland |
Charles had cut himself off from Scottish opinion and ignored growing discontent 1638- Scottish national covenant document which united those against Charles and these become known as the Covenanter's Bishops war- Scottish rebellion became an armed conflict when bishops armed themselves when hey and to read new laudianism prayer book Charles Scottish privy council forced to abandon Edinburgh Truce of Berwick Agreed a meeting of general assembly of the church of Scotland at Edinburgh and parliament abd disbandment of both armies Covenanter's didn't trust Charles so didn't disband the army Wentworth Charles recalled Wentworth to deal with Scottish rebellion and he became Charles chief adviser Advised Charles to call a short parliament to help destroy Scots Reasons for Charles loss Increase of power due to covenanter Merchants purchased munitions from Holland- foreign countries support |
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Opposition to personal rule in Ireland |
Ireland politically divided Plantation policy which was when land was taken away and given to English settlers which brought over more Protestant Protestant felt laudianism was too close to catholics and felt threatened Rebellion strated as groups started to become alienated It began in 1641 and ended early 1642 Irish seized opportunity to launch an attack against Protestant in Ulster The Scottish rebellion prompted Irish to act |
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Opposition to personal rule in England |
Reason for opposition No parliament Opposed ship money Opposition to how Charles treated radicals such as Hampden The rebellions is Scotland and Ireland Emigration encouraged emigration and colonisation to north America to discuss situation in England Hampden case He refused to pay the forced loan and ship money to charles Closely connected to chalres opponents fiennes and pym Chalres took Hampden to court and tried to make a point that his authority should be obeyed |
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Short parliament (1640) |
Had to recall parliament to deal with Scottish rebellion Lasted less than a month Mps not going to grant subsidies for bishops war Pym realised agreement could only be made if Charles concessions could only be made to an English parliament Chalres arrested his key opponents He faced Scots without parliament which increase tension and lead to the civil war |
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Earl of Bedford (key events in the long parliament) |
Had a scheme to reform crown finances to settle conflicts Proposed taking position as lord treasurer Chalres reluctant to settle with chalres Bedford died of smallpox in 1641 which made further reform difficult which lead to disputes |
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Wentworth's impeachment and execution (key events in long parliament) |
Wentworth recalled from Ireland in 1639 to aid chalres facing Scots Parliament criticised and impeached him because he attempted to bring an Irish army to England Decided a bill if attainder would be necessary and due to chalres fear he passed it Was executed in 1641 which meant Charles was less inclined to negotiate with parliament |
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Bill of attainder 1641 (key events in long parliament) |
Proceed against Wentworth Passed due to fears of the army plot Passed 204 vote to 59 but many didn't vote Charles consented due to fear which heightened political tension |
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Army plot and protestation oath |
1641 a rumour of a royalist army plot revealed to parliament Attempt to release Wentworth and dissolve parliament Parliament passed a bill stating that they can't be dissolves without their consent so drew up the protestation oath Increase tension in parliament |
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Pym (key events in long parliament) |
Was regarded leading opponent of chalres His aim was to remove evil councillors Wanted a political settlement Became more radical due chalres threat |
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London crowd (key event long parliament) |
Term given to Londoners who participated in politics and supported parliamentary causes Root and branch petition signed by 15,000 Londoners which shows large amounts of support Pym used London crowd to put pressure on lords to exclude bishops |
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Root and branch petition (key events in long parliament) |
Demanded the end of bishops Puritans behind it Caused tensions in parliament An exclusion bill was written and sent lords but was rejected This lead to early formations of sides including moderates and radicals |
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Triennial act (long parliament) |
Stated abolishment of ship money without parliament consent Chalres had to call parliament every 3 years Ensured there wouldn't be another period of personal rule |
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10 propositions (long parliament) |
Confirmed radicalism of parliament Document made clear that the king would need to make some concessions Chalres wouldn't agree to this |
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Scotland and the incident |
Scotland reaction as many felt that the radicals in the Covenanter's had gone to far Earl of Montrose signed the Cumberland band stating his desire to defend the king which led to division The incident was a royalist plot to kidnap radical Scottish Covenanter's which destoryed chalres hope of gaining further support in Scotland |
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Irish rebellion (long parliament) |
Fear of Catholicism and invasion Some English protestants became radicalised which led to the second army plot Parliament divided on whether chalres could leads an art to defeat Irish |
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Grand remonstrance (long parliament) |
List of criticisms of chalres government which clearly showed why chalres couldn't be trusted with control of the army Passed Debate to whether to pass it caused divisions and formation of 2 sides |
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Militia bill (long parliament) |
Forced mps to take sides who should command the army It proposed parliament should control the army Questioned chalres prerogative Pym use pressure from London crowd to pass it In response charles was responding as defender of constitution |
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5 member coup (leading to civil war) |
Division over grand remonstrance and militia bill Chalres announced impeachment of key opponents Chalres took trained army to make arrest personally but they escaped Failure Consequences Pym could use this to show danger that chalres posed and he shouldn't be negotiated with Led popular demonstrations against chalres Physical divionn between crown and parliament Strengthen position of parliament radicals |
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Exclusion bill (leading to civil war) 1642 |
Parliamentary radicals pushed for an exclusion bill which prevents bishops 30,000 signatures Petition accepted due to pressure of the London crowd |
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Emergence of parliamentary army |
Militia bill issues an ordinance in 1642 so they don't need royal consent Passed in march Parliament control of army Commissions of array- to raise forces in response to militia bill |
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Nineteen propositions June 1642 (lead to civil war) |
List of criticisms and demands Demand: all privy councillors approved by parliament, 5 impeached mos to be pardoned and chalres had tro accept triennial act Conditional royalist wrote the response the answer to the 19 propositions |
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Iconoclasm (lead to civil war) |
Destruction and damaging of icons of the church Moderates concerned with growing Presbyterianism if Scots and Pym's link to them Pushes moderate mps to become supporter of royalist |
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The first civil war |
22nd august 1642 chalres declared war on parliament Scotland Reduce of Ripon Chalres supporters were isolated due to chalres supporters Solemn league and covenant- a military alliance between English parliament and Covenanter's which made scot Nobel's support charles Few royalist victories against Covenanter's Little material gain and support for Charles so army returned to homeland Covenanter army returned from England and crushed Montrose forces ending chalres hopes in Scotland Ireland Ormond signed a 1 year truce with the catholic confederation which transported irish troops to aid chalres but they had little impacts and seemed counterproductive in seeming to reinforce parliamentary propaganda Provoked military alliance between parliament and Covenanter's through solemn league and covenant |
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Reasons for charles defeat in Ireland and Scotland (first civil war) |
Forces outnumbered Better organisation of parliament Opponents religiously motivated Better supplied King had weak position and unable to coordinate force between kingdoms |
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First civil war in England 1642-6 |
Royalist Prevented from taking turnham green Few royalist victories in 1643 but aren't coordinated Chalres indecisiveness Earl of Newcastle didn't march his forces to support London attack which could have led to a win Prince Rupert joined Newcastle forces at Marston moor and defeated Royalist commanders dismissive on new model army Chalres thought at naesby defeated which destoryed chalres military capabilities Chalres surrendered to Scottish forces and put under guard house arrest Parliament Royalist victories didn't harm them London trained band defended capital so they and control of London and it's exports and propanganda Solemn league and covenant Parliament victory at Martson moor controlled by Fairfax and Cromwell Created new model army controlled by Fairfax and CromwellCommittees of both kingdoms which maintained NMADefeated Charles Committees of both kingdoms which maintained NMA Defeated Charles |
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Advantages of parliament having London on the first civil war |
Propaganda Finance Man power Portn Industry Administration Pym Control of the navy which prevented chalres getting supplies |
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Reason for royalist defeat in first civil war |
Strengths Had support from people with military experience Focused on strategy Had military support from prince Rupert and Maurice Weakness Area poorer Lacked legal weight Bad administration Chalres indiscivieness General without military experience Division Lack of leadership Chalres bad military leader Agreement with Catholics Reliance on foreign aid |
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Divisions in parliament after the first civil war |
Political Presbyterian Moderate Holles key figures Opposed religious toleration Favoured peace with king and willing to make settlement on minimal terms such as disbanding NMA Drew close to scotsb Supported Presbyterian Peace party Political independents figuresOpposed religious toleration Favoured peace with king and willing to make settlement on minimal terms such as disbanding NMA Drew close to scotsbSupported PresbyterianPeace party Political independents Cromwell and Ireton Radical Disliked PresbyterianAllied with the NMA Willing to make peace only is chalres accepted limitations to powerPresbyterians mist influential in 1646 due to peace Cromwell and Ireton Radical Disliked Presbyterian Allied with the NMA Willing to make peace only is chalres accepted limitations to power Presbyterians mist influential in 1646 due to peace |
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Newcastle propositions July 1646 |
Plan for settlement by political Presbyterian Had to accept Presbyterianism for 3 years Parliament control army for 20 years Had to accept triennial act Chalres response was to stall to let divisions deepen 1646-7 made a more lenient version Political Presbyterian leader holles abused NMA in a document called the declaration of dislike which stated they were enemies to the state Parliament owned army £3 million |
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Politicisation of the new model army |
Commanded by Fairfax and cromwell They had concerns over their wages of £3 million but they faced disbandment before being paid Statements became more radical Wanted to redress their grievances Commons accepted chalres 3rd reply to Newcastle propositions which annoyed the army as they felt they were to lient and chalres couldn't be trusted Commons vote to disband NMA so in response they held a meeting at Newmarket Chalres was seized by army and under house arrest Produced a humble remonstrance saying they won't disband till grievances are met Formed the solemn engagement Representation of army document outlined their position Army generals met at reading Created the head of proposals Control of chalres allowed then to negotiate with him Ireton's and cromwell willingness to compromise brought division in the army Putney and Whitehall debates Army marched into Westminster Chalres escaped from Hampton court in 1647 |
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Head of proposals |
Made by Ireton Regular biennial parliaments Reform Control of army and navy Religious settlement Act if oblivion |
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Fifth monarchists |
More formal emergence of millienarians Wanted religious, social and economic reform Derives from the book of Daniel Were supporters of cromwell Wanted to replace parliaments with church parliament Thomas Harrison |
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Diggers |
Gerrard winstanely Communes outside London St Georges hill but destoryed after a year by Fairfax Failed Dominated by winstanley Radical movement had long lasting significance |
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Leveller's |
Putney and whitehall debates First agreement of the people 2nd agreement of the people denounced rump parliament Pressure group Many were arrested Failed as they couldn't raise discontent in army and rump parliament had money to pay troops |
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Why was there a second civil war? |
Chalres refused to negotiate New models army reaction Chalres wasn't trusted and clumsy alliance with scotsb Deep divisions Chalres refusal to negotiate due to: Betrayal of loyal people Responsibility |
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The engagment with scots 1647 (leading to 2nd civil war) |
Scottish army to invade England to restore king to thrown Presbyterianism for 3 years Independents to be suppressed Split Scotland Parliament sent chalres the 4 bills but rejected them Alliance with Scots drove the independents and Presbyterians back together Parliament passed vote of no address which suggests no further negotiation with the king |
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Windsor prayer meeting |
Meeting of NMA Gathered to pray before facing their enemies Declared chalres man of blood It was the first time regicide was discussed Shows growth of religious influence in the NMA |
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Second civil war events 1648 |
Rising in south Wales Rising in Colchester Rising in kent Scots invade England in support of chalres Cromwell defeats Scots at Preston |
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Failure of settlement 1648-9 |
NMA crushed royalist Execution of the king Newport treaty proposals to the king Remonstrance of the army Formally outline their position Demanded parliament put chalres on trail Prides purge Prospect of treaty between king and parliament caused Ireton to actFormally outline their position Demanded parliament put chalres on trail If parliament refused they would purge parliament Prides purge Parliament voted to continue with Newport treaty Organised troops to purge parliament especially those who were agreeing to treaty Removed mps taken to pub called hellRemaining mps became known as rump parliament and they would bring chalres to trial Parliament voted to continue with Newport treaty Organised troops to purge parliament especially those who were agreeing to treaty If parliament refused they would purge parliament Prides purge Parliament voted to continue with Newport treaty Organised troops to purge parliament especially those who were agreeing to treaty Removed mps taken to pub called hellRemaining mps became known as rump parliament and they would bring chalres to trial Removed mps taken to pub called hell Remaining mps became known as rump parliament and they would bring chalres to trial |
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Trail and death of chalres |
Many mps refused to act Fairfax only attended first meeting Some saw it as last chance for settlement Kings response Chalres refused to accept courts legitimacy Chalres declared guilty and sentenced to death Only 59 mps signed death warrant 30th Jan 1649 chalres executed He was more popular at his death than he had ever been |
