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343 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Life Cycle
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Description of the growth and reproduction of an individual.
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Fertilization
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The fusion of haploid gametes (in humans egg and sperm) to produce a diploid zygote.
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Segregation
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Separation of pairs of alleles during the production of gametes. Results in a 50% probability that a given gamete contains one allele rather than the other.
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Genotype
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Genetic composition of an individual.
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Phenotype
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Physical and Physiological traits of an individual.
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Heterozygous
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Said of a genotype containing two different alleles of a gene.
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Homozygous
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Having two copies of the same alleles of a gene.
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Recessive
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Applies to an allele with an effect that is not visible in a heterozygote.
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Dominant
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Applies to an allele with an effect that is visible in a heterozygote.
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Carrier
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Individual who is herterozygous for a recessive allele.
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Punnett Square
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Table that lists the different kinds of sperm of eggs parents can produce relative to the gene or genes in question and predicts the possible outcomes of a cross between these parents.
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Quatitative Traits
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Trait that produces phenotypes in distinct categories.
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Chromosones
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are analogous to pages in the instruction manual
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Genes
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are segments of DNA that code for proteins
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Alleles
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is a version of a gene
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Independent assortment
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randomly determines which member of a pair of chromosomes goes into a gamete
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random fertilization
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produces more diversity
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Embryo
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Repeated cell divisions form the _______.
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Fetus.
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The embryo grow to become a __________.
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Segregation
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in meiosis, one member of each homologous pair goes into a gamete
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Gregor Mendel
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first to accurately describe rules of inheritance for simple traits
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Huntington's Disease
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a dominant human genetic disease
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Meiosis.
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Adults produce gametes in their gonads by ________.
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zygotes
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Sperm cells fertilize egg cells to form single-celled ________.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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a recessive human genetic disease
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Incomplete Dominance
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A type of inheritance where the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate to both homozygotes.
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Codominance
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Two different alleles of a gene that are equally expressed in the heterozygote.
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Sex-linked Genes
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Any of the genes found on the X or Y sex chromosomes.
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Pedigree
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Family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations.
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Karyotype
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The chromosomes of a cell, displayed with chromosomes arranges in homologous pairs and according to size.
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Mendelian genetics
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are critical to understanding inheritance
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most human traits
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have more complex inheritance patterns
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Many traits
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controlled by multiple genes interacting (polygenic inheritance)
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Phenotype
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environment interacts with genotype and can affect ___________.
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heritability
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is an important concept in quantitative genetics, particularly in selective breeding and behavior genetics
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O is recessive. AB is dominant.
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Describe ABO blood type as an example of codominant alleles
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inheritance
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Simple Mendelian genetics are critical to understanding ______________.
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inheritance patterns
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Most human traits have more complex ____________ __________.
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polygenic inheritance
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Many traits are controlled by multiple genes interacting
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genotype, phenotype
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environment interacts with _________ and can affect _________.
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dominant, recessive
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A ________ allele does not subdue a _________ allele.
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Alleles
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simply variations in a gene's nucleotide sequence
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the way we look at it
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dominance/recessiveness relationships of alleles depend on the level at
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Incomplete Dominance
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two copies of the dominant allele are required to see the full phenotype; heterozygote phenotype is intermediate to the homozygotes
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Codominance
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neither allele is dominant to the other—they SHARE dominance; heterozygote shows both traits at once
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Women
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______ have two X chromosomes.
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Men
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________ have one X and one Y chromosome.
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Males
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_______ always inherit their X from their mother
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Males, females
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_______ are more likely to express recessive X-linked traits than ___________.
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Females
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Only _________ can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits.
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they only have one X, recessive
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Hemophilia is more common for males because ______ _____ ____ ____ _, and it would result in being ___________.
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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Information -carrying molecule composed of nucleotides.
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Transcription
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Production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence.
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Translation
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Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to produce a protein.
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Ribosomes
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Subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA.
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Codon
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A triplet of mRNA nucleotides. Transfer RNA molecules bind to codons during protein synthesis.
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Genetic Code
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Table showing which mRNA codons code for which amino acids.
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Mutation
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Change to a DNA sequence that may result in the production of altered proteins.
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Gene Expression
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Turning a gene on or off. A gene is expressed when the protein it encodes is synthesized.
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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
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Organisms whose genome incorporates genes from another organism
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Stem Cell
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Cells that can divide indefinitely and can differentiate into other cell types.
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mRNA
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The type of RNA that codes for the chemical blueprint for a protein (during protein synthesis).
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DNA
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A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function
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DNA, RNA, Protein.
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What is the flow of genetic information?
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Protein
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a large molecule composed of amino acids
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Ribosomes.
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Synthesis occurs on the ____________.
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Gene
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a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein
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Gene
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Specifies the sequence of amino acids that are to be used to make this specific protein
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Gene
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Safely "housed" in the nucleus
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mRNA
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a molecule that carries the directions that were encoded in the gene out to the ribosome
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mRNA, gene
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The _____ sequence is complementary to the _____ sequence.
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mRNA
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Specifies each amino acid with a sequence called a codon
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tRNA
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a molecule that transfers the correct amino acids to the ribosome
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tRNA
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"finds" the correct location on the mRNA using a sequence called an anticodon
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tRNA
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The anticodon sequence is complementary to the codon sequence
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Each DNA nucleotide is composed of
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deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
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Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
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DNA is made of what bases?
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DNA is
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double stranded
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RNA is
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single stranded
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Each RNA Nucleotides comprised of ribose
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Ribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
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What are the 4 bases of RNA?
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A, T, G, U
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mRNA
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_____ carries the genetic code from the nucleus to a ribosome where the code will be used
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Nucleus
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Transcription occurs where?
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Cytoplasm
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Where does translation occur?
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mRNA, amino acids, energy (ATP), helper molecules.
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What does translation require?
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Ribosome
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comprised of a small and a large subunit
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Ribosomes
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provides a nice little micro-environment for translation to occur, to ensure a flawless product
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tRNA
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transfer RNA
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tRNA
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What carries both languages: RNA and amino acid?
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amino acid, proteins
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Each tRNA carries cargo ________ ______that will build _______ .
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Frameshift mutation
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Addition/deletion of a base Changes the reading
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Base-substitution mutation
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simple substitution of one base for another
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no change in protein, non functional protein, different protein.
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What are the possible outcomes of mutation?
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protein, amino acid
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A ______ is put together one _____ ____ at a time.
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Ribosome, anticodons, codons
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A ________ facilitates the docking of tRNA ____________ to mRNA _________.
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tRNA, amino acid
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Each _____ comes in, docks appropriately (at the anticodon-codon) and drops off its _______ _____.
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Protein
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The amino acids are bound together in a chain, making a _________.
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tRNA, mRNA
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The _____ sits down on the ______ (shown in orange) and delivers its cargo.
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Nucleus
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is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells
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Genetically modified Organisms
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an organism whose genetic material has been modified, especially by genetic engineering
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Recombinant DNA
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Spliced dNA formed from two or more different sources that have been cleaved by restriction enzymes and joined by ligases.
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Stem cells
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undifferentiated cells, capable of growing in to many different kinds of cells and tissues
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tRNA
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RNA involved in protein synthesis, i.e. transporting specific amino acid to the ribosome to be added onto the growing polypeptide chain
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Amino acid
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A molecule consisting of the basic amino group (NH2), the acidic carboxylic group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and an organic side group (R) attached to the carbon atom.
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Anticodon
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A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation phase of protein synthesis.
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Transgenic organism
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the result of the incorporation of a gene from one organism to the genome of another
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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
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Transgenic organism
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Recombinant
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Indicates material that has been genetically engineered. A gene that has been removed from its original genome and combined with another.
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Ethical concerns
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this process destroys an embryo
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Ethical solutions
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get stems cells from elsewhere
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Metabolism
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All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy
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Calorie
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a unit of energy
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ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
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A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can by hydrolyzed to release energy. Form of energy that cells can use.
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Phosphorylation
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To introduce a phosphoryl group into an organic compound.
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Aerobic respiration
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Cellular respiration that uses oxygen as the electron acceptor.
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Glycolysis
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Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
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Citric acid cycle
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Begins with pyruvate to complete the breakdown of glucose
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Energy
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___________ is the capacity to do work
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Chemical, transport, and mechanical work.
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Living organisms can perform three major types of work.
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Most energy used by living organisms originally comes from
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sunlight trapped during photosynthesis by photoautotrophs.
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Chemoheterotrophs
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_________________ consume autotrophic organic materials and use them as sources of energy and as building blocks.
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Enzymes
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_______ are protein catalysts that make life possible by increasing the rate of reactions at ambient temperatures.
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How is transport and mechanical work in the cell carried out?
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Nearly always powered by the hydrolysis of ATP. ATP hydrolysis leads to a change in a protein's shape and often its ability to bind another molecule.
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Chemical work
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building large molecules such as proteins
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Mechanical work
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the contraction of a muscle
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Transport Work
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pumping solutes such as ions across a cellular membrane
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Mitochondria
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Organelles in which products of the digestive system are converted to ATP.
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Intermembrane space
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The space between two membranes, e.g., the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane
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NAD+/NADH
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picks up the hydrogens and electrons. Called an electron carrier.
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ATP Synthase
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Enzyme found in the mitochondrial membrane that helps synthesize ATP.
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Fermentation
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A process that makes a small amount of ATP from glucose without using an electron transport chain. Ethyl alcohol and lactic acid are produced by this process.
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Cellular Metabolism
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all chemical reactions in a cell
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ATP
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connection between catabolic and anabolic reactions
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Enzymes
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Proteins. They bind other molecules and help a reaction occur.
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Coenzymes
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Vitamins
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Enzymes
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Speed up chemical reactions in a cell.
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Metabolic Rate
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the rate at which the body uses energy
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Cellular Respiration
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transfers energy from food to energy stored in ATP.
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Mechanical Work
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used to move the cell, move things in the cell, change the shape of the cell
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Transport Work
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used to move things across the cell membrane
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Chemical Work
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used to perform anabolism, that is, to build macromolecules
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Glycolysis
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Also prduces a small amount of ATP
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Citric acid cycle
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Produces "electron carriers" called (NADH +H+) Also produces a small amount of ATP
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Citric acid cycle
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Produces CO2 as a waste product
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Citric acid cycle
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Occurs in the Matrix of the mitochondria
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Cellular Respiration
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to transfer the energy stored in food molecules into ATP
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ATP
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to power the chemical reactions that keep us alive.
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Photosynthesis
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process by which CO2 and H2O are used to make sugars and starches
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Cellular Respiration
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sugar is broken down to CO2 and H2O. ATP is made
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Cellular Respiration
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What occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria?
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What is oxygens role of cellular respiration?
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The sugar and oxygen are delivered to your cells via your bloodstream.
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Substrate
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What is being acted on (changed, broken down, etc.) by the enzyme
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Glucose + oxygen, carbon dioxide + water + ATP
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What makes up Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
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ATP
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The breaking of sugar (glucose) to produce a fuel that our body can use is what?
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oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
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Aerobic cellular respiration uses what to make what?
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Glycolysis
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Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
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Glycolysis
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Glucose is the reactant and 2 pyruvates are the products of this stage.
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Glycolysis
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Also produces a small amount of ATP
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Glycolysis
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Occurs in the Cytosol of the cell
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Citric acid cycle
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Begins with pyruvate to complete the breakdown of glucose
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Citric acid cycle
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Produces "electron carriers" called (NADH +H+). Also produces a small amount of ATP.
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Citric acid cycle
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Produces CO2 as a waste product
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Citric acid cycle
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Occurs in the Matrix of the mitochondria
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Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative phosphorylation
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Uses the (NADH +H+) from above to produce ATP
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Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative phosphorylation
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Produces much more ATP than the first two stages
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Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative phosphorylation
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Uses Oxygen and produces water as a waste product
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Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative phosphorylation
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Occurs in the Inner membrane and intermembrane space of the mitochondria
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DNA
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Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell.
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DNA Replication
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The synthesis of two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule. Takes place during the S phase of interphase.
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Gene
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Discrete unit of Heritable information about genetic traits. Consists of a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide -- A protein of part of a protein.
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Alleles
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Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations.
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Chromosomes
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Subcellular structure composed of a long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nucleus.
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Autosomes
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Non-sex chromosome, of which there are 19 pairs in humans.
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Homologous Pair
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One Chromosome comes from mom and one Chromosome comes from dad.
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Diploid
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A cell containing homologous pairs of chromosomes.
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Cell Division
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Process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. Production of daughter cells from an original parent cell.
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Interphase
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Part of a cell cycle when a cell is preparing for division and the DNA is duplicated. Consists of G1, S, G2.
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Mitosis
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The division of the nucleus that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Also, portion of the cell cycle in which DNA is apportioned into two daughter cells.
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Checkpoints
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Stoppage during cell division that occurs to verify that division is proceeding correctly.
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Sex Chromosomes
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Any of the sex-determining chromosomes (X and Y in humans)
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Sister Chromatids
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Either of the two duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome formed after DNA synthesis.
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Crossing Over
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Gene for gene exchange of genetic information between membranes of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
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Meiosis
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Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
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Gametes
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Specialized sex cell (sperm and egg in humans) that contain half as many chromosomes as other body cells and is therefore haploid.
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Genes
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Portions of DNA that code for proteins (primarily).
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Haploid
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describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes (''); in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm.
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Meiosis
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Recognize that four cells are generated from one cell undergoing _______.
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22
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How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
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Allele Pairs
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Separated into different gametes during meiosis.
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Meiosis
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Type of cell division that occurs in testes and ovaries, and generates sex cells (gametes)
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Mitosis
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Recognize that two daughter cells are generated when a cell performs ________>
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Mitosis
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process that generates the vast majority of cells in a human
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mutation
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the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes
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G1
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cell grows, organelles duplicate
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S
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DNA replicates (synthesizes)
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G2
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cell makes proteins needed to complete mitosis (more growth)
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Chromosome
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DNA + Protein?
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Fertilization
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Sexual reproduction brings two gametes together
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Diploid somatic cells
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The body is made of what?
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Gonads
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Meiosis occurs where?
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zygote
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The diploid cell that results from fertilization
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zygote
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diploid cell that will divide by mitosis to produce the new individual
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Testes and ovaries
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What are the gonads?
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Haploid gametes
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Meiosis produces what?
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4 haploid cells
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What is the end product of Meiosis?
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2 sets to 1
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Reducing the genetic information from Diploid to haploid is how many sets?
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Genetic variation
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What is shuffling the info so that every single gamete (egg or sperm) that is created is new and original?
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Crossing over and Independent alignment.
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What are the two processes of Meiosis I?
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Crossing over
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homologous chromosomes exchange parts
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Benign tumor
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condition, tumor, or growth that is not cancerous.
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Malignant tumor
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tumors that are capable of spreading by invasion and metastasis
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Metastatic tumor
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tends to spread to other parts of the body
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cancer
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the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body
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Mutation
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If key checkpoints are missed or repair genes are damaged, then the rate of damage accumulation increases still further.
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Gene Mutation
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An alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA
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Mutation
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a change in the DNA sequence
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Life cycle
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Interphase, Nuclear Division (mitosis, meiosis), Cytokinesis.
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Greenhouse Effect
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the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface
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Greenhouse Gas
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a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation
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Photosynthesis
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Process by which plants, along with algae and some bacteria, transform light energy to chemical energy.
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Global Warning
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Increase in average temperatures as a result of the release of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
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Deforestation
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The removal of forest lands, often to enable the development of agriculture
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Autotroph
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An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
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Heterotroph
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an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
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Greenhouse gas
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Ability to absorb and emit energy in the thermal heat range.
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Driving a more fuel efficient vehicle.
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Most significant way most people could reduce contribution to greenhouse emissions
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Plants
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Photosynthesize and perform cellular respiration
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Animals
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Rely on photosynthetic organisms as an energy source
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Carbon Dioxide
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combined with water, using light energy to produce glucose and oxygen.
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Cellular respiration
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What is the opposite of photosynthesis?
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Science
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Body of knowledge
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Biology
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The study of living organisms
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The Scientific Method
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1. Observation - Note/define a problem.
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Hypothesis
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Testitive explanation for an observation that requires testing.
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Theory
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Untested ideas based on little information.
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Prediction
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Concerns outcome of an actions, test, or investigation.
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Dependent Variable
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the variable on whom the change is measured
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Independent Variable
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the variable whose value can be freely changed.
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Control
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For an experiment is a subject similiar to an experimental subject except the control is not exposed to treatment.
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Placebo
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Looks, feels, tastes like treatment.
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Correlation
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Relationship between 2 variables.
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Causation
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Not always implied from correlation.
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Randominization
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"Randomized into groups"
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Double blind
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Both researcher and researchee are unaware of hypothesis or the subject is in control or experimental group.
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Bias
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Influence of research participants opinions on experimental results.
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Statistics
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Math used to evaluate and compare data.
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Sampling Error
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Difference between a sample and population from which it was drawn.
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Experimental Bias
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Makes consistent errors in the measurement and evaluation of results.
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Subject Expectation
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Individual experimental subject may consciously/unconsciously model the behavior they feel the research experts are expecting from them.
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Primary Sources
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Written by the researchers and reviewed within the scientific community.
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Secondary Sources
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Books, news reports, and advertisements.
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Anecdotal Evidence
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The advice is based on one's personal experience.
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Scientific Data
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Evaluated on information on the actual study performed by researchers.
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Germ Theory
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Micro-organisms are the cause of some illnesses in humans and other living things.
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Cell Theory
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All living things are made of cells and cells come only from pre-existing cells. Cells contain DNA to allow for this continuity
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Theory of Evolution
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The variations among living organisms are an accumulation of changes that have occurred from one generation to the next. Descent with Modification.
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The scientific method is used to
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answer specific questions about the natural world.
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Hypothesis
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It is falsifiable.
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A scientific hypothesis
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A proposed explanation for an overservation.
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How is a scientific theory different form a scientific hypothesis?
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It can explain a large number of observations.
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Metabolism
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All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy
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Homeostasis
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The steady state condition an organism works to maintain.
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Element
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A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance.
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Atom
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The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
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Electron
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A negatively charged subatomic particle.
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Proton
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A positively charged subatomic particle.
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Neutron
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An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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Ionic Bond
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One atom donates/transfers an electron (or a few) to another atom resulting in an attraction between negatively and positively charged ions.
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Polar Covalent Bond
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Describes a molecule with regions having different charges; capable of ionizing.
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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Won't dissolve in water. Hydrophobic.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A type of weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule.
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pH
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A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0-14. Lower numbers indicate higher hydrogen ion concentrations.
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Hydrogen Ion
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The positively charged ion of hydrogen (H+) formed by removal of the electron from a hydrogen atom.
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Acid
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A chemical that can increase the H+.
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Hydrophilic
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Readily dissolving in water.
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Hydrophobic
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Not able to dissolve in water.
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Prokaryotic
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Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded.
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Eukaryotic
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Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles.
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Fluid Mosaic
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The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins bobbing in a sea of phospholipids.
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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The membrane that surrounds cells and organelles and is composed of two layers of phospholipids.
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Theory of Evolution
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Theory that all organisms on Earth today are descendants of a single ancestor that arose in the distant past. See also evolution.
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Macromolecule
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Any of the large molecules including polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis.
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Carbohydrate
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Energy-rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxgen in the ration CH2O.
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Protein
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Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. They can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles.
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Enzyme
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Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions.
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Lipid
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Hydrophobic molecule including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Phospholipid
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One of three types of lipids, they are components of cell membranes.
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Nucleic acid
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Polymers of nucleotides that comprise DNA and RNA.
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell.
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
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Information-carrying molecule composed of nucleotides.
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Solvent
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The chemical that receives the solute. Usually a liquid.
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Solute.
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The chemical that is being dissolved. Usually a solid.
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Solution
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The solute in the solvent. Mix of solvent and solute.
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Base
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The chemical that can decrease the H+.
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Growth, metabolism, cells, DNA, response to stimuli, adaptation to changing environments.
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Similarities of living organisms
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Water is critical to biology
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Its abundance, its role as a solvent for biological molecules, and its polarity, which allows it to dissolve polar molecules and participate in some reactions.
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Plants, animals, protists, and fungi.
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What are the Four kingdoms of eukaryotes?
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Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote.
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What are the three domains?
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7.35 to 7.45
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The normal human blood pH range?
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What are the basic units of life?
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Cells
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Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nuleic acids.
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4 types of macromolecules?
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Monosaccharide
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Glucose
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Disaccharide
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Sucrose
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Polysaccharides
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Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
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What makes up a protein?
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3 types of lipids
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Steroids
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Up Concentration Gradient
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Active Transport
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Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water.
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What are the major macronutrients in a human diet?
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We Eat to
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Get structural materials for building cells and extracellular structures.
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We Eat to
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To get energy molecules.
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We Eat to
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To get other materials (e.g. water, minerals and vitamins) required for the function of cells.
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration.
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Osmosis
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Movement of water across a membrane, from high water concentration to low water concentration.
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Active transport
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Uses proteins to move molecules from low to high concentration.
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Nutrient
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Atoms other than carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen that must be obtained from a plant's environment for photosynthesis to occur.
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Dehydration
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Loss of water.
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Metabolism
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All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy.
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Catabolism
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Break down into component parts.
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Anabolism
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Build up into new macro- molecules.
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Carbohydrate
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Energy-rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio CH2O.
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Starch
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Complex carbohydrate from plants.
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Glycogen
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Complex carbohydrate from animals.
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Fiber
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Indigestible complex carbohydrates (cellulose, chitin).
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Lipids
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Hydrophobic, molecule, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Saturated Fat
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Fatty acid carbons are bound to as much hydrogen as possible (they are "saturated" with hydrogens). Solid as body temperature.
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Unsaturated Fat
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Are not bound to as much hydrogen as possible (they are NOT saturated with hydrogens. Liquid at room temperature.
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Trans Fat
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Artificially produced fats. (IE Margarine, vegetable oil).
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Amino Acids
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Monomer subunit of a protein. Contains an amino, carboxyl, and a unique side group.
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Essential amino acids
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Any of the amino acids that humans cannot synthesize and thus must be obtained from the diet.
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Micronutrients
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Nutrient needed in small quantities.
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Vitamin
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Organic nutrient needed in small amounts. Most function as coenzymes.
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Minerals
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Inorganic nutrient essential to many cell functions.
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Plasma Membrane
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Structure that encloses a cell, defining the cell's outer boundary.
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Concentration Gradient
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The graduated difference in concentration of a solute within a solution.
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Passive Transport
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Diffusion (Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration.)
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Simple Diffusion
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Small, hydrophobic molecules across the lipids of the membrane. Of ions (tiny charged particles) through protein channel.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Transport of hydrophilic molecules (larger than ions) across the membrane.
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Endocytosis
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A vesicle forms around a large molecule and brings it into the cell.
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Exocytosis
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A membrane-bound vesicle fuses with the membrane and expels the large molecule.
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Macronutrients
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Nutrient required in large quantities.
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Complete proteins
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Contain all the essential amino acids we need.
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Cellular Metabolism
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All chemical reactions in a cell.
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