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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clovis
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king of the Franks who conquered Gaul, preserved Roman legacy, converted to Christianity
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Charles Martel
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king of the Franks who defeated Muslim armies in the battle of Tours
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Pepin
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king of the Franks who was Charlemagne's father and Charles Martel's son
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Charlemagne
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king of the Franks who united Western Europe, was proclaimed Emperor of the Romans by the pope after helping him defeat rebellious nobles, appointed missi dominici to control local rulers, revived learning
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Franks
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one of the Germanic tribes that conquered parts of the Roman empire; they experienced success under kings Clovis, Charles Martel, Pepin, Charlemagne
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medieval
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the name given to the culture of the Middle Ages; Latin for "middle age"
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Battle of Tours
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a battle in 732 in which Charles Martel and his Frankish warriors defeated advancing Muslim armies
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Magyars
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a group of nomadic people who settled in Hungary, where they overran parts of Europe for 50 years before being pushed back to Hungary
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Vikings
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independent farmers from Scandinavia who were ruled by land-owning chieftains, they were also expert sailors who raided European communities and traded/explored around the Mediterranean and the Atlantic
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feudalism
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a loosely organized political system in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords, who pledged loyalty and service in return
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vassal
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the lesser lord in a feudalistic agreement
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feudal contract
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an exchange of pledges upon which the political and legal relationship betwen lords and vassals was established
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fief
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an estate granted from a lord to his vassal
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knight
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a mounted warrior in the Middle Ages who provided military service to his master
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tournament
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mock battles that knights engaged in
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chivalry
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a code of conduct that knights adopted that required knights to be brave, loyal, honest, fair in battle, etc.
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troubadours
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wandering musicians in the Middle Ages
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manor
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a lord's estate, which was at the heart of the medieval economy; most included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
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serf
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peasants on a manor that were bound to the land
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sacrament
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one of seven of the sacred rites of the Church; participation in these would lead to salvation
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Benedictine rule
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rules created by the monk Benedict to regulate monastic life; it consisted of three vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity
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secular
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worldly
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papal supremacy
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the Pope's authority over all secular rulers, including kings and emperors
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canon law
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the Church's body of laws, based on religious teachings, that governed many aspects of life
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excommunication
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exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law; people who were given this were unable to receive the sacraments and were condemned to hell
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interdict
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an order than excluded an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial
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friar
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a monk who did not live in isolated monasteries and instead traveled around Europe preaching to the poor
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St. Francis of Assissi
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a wealthy Italian who founded the Franciscans, the first order of friars
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charter
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a written document that set out the rights and priveleges of the members of a new town
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capital
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money for investment
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partnership
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a group of merchants that pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture; it made capital more available and reduced risk for any one partner
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tenant farmers
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farmers who paid rent for their land
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middle class
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a class ranked between nobles and peasants, consisting of merchants, traders, and artisans, that had been founded by the year 1000
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guilds
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associations of merchants and artisans who cooperated to uphold their trade's standards and to protect their economic interests
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journeymen
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salaried workers in the Middle Ages
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apprentice
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a trainee of a guild master who spent years learning their master's trade in exchange for food and housing
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William the Conqueror
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the Duke of Normandy who became the King of England after the Battle of Hastings, he expanded royal power with help from his Domesday Book census
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common law
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an English legal system based on custom and court rulings that applied to all of England
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jury
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a group of men sworn to speak the truth who, in England, determined which cases were brought to trial
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King John
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the son of Henry II who struggled with King Philip II of France over French lands, Innocent III over selecting a new Canterbury archbishop (leading to the interdict), and rebellious nobles (leading to Magna Carta)
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Magna Carta
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a "great charter" signed by King John in 1215 that asserted that nobles had certain rights and made it clear that the monarch must obey the law
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due process of law
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the legal requirement that the government must act fairly and in accordance with established rules, in all that it does
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habeas corpus
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the legal principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged for a specific crime
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Parliament
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the legislature of England that in time developed two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons
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Louis IX
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a king of France who was deeply religious, leading him to persecute heretics and help fight in the Crusades, and became a saint; he also improved royal government by expanding royal courts, outlawing private wars, ending serfdom
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Holy Roman Empire
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empire of west central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands
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Henry IV
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king of Germany and later Holy Roman emperor who feuded with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture
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Pope Gregory VII
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pope who instituted many Church reformes and banned lay investiture, leading to a struggle with King Henry IV of Germany
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lay investiture
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the practice in which the emperor or another layperson (person not a member of the clergy) presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office
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Frederick Barbarossa
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Holy Roman emperor who sought for years and then failed to control the wealthy cities of northern Italy
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Pope Innocent III
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pope of the Church who took office in 1198 and claimed papal supremacy; he placed England in King John's reign and France in King Philip's under interdict; he also launched a crusade against the Albigensian religious group in southern Frane and strengthened papal power
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Crusades
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a series of holy wars beginning in 1096 in which Christians battled Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East
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Holy Land
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Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus lived and preached
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Pope Urban II
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the Pope who called bishops and nobles to the Crusades, hoping to increase European power and perhaps heal the schism between the Roman and Byzantine churches
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Reconquista
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the campaign of tiny Christian kingdoms in the north of Spain to drive Muslims from the Spanish peninsula
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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the couple, with _______ of Aragon and ________ of Castile, who created the unified state of Spain and wanted to impose unity on their conquered peoples
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Inquisition
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a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy, in which Jews and Muslims could be persecuted; they helped Isabella's attempt to religiously unify Spain
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scholasticism
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the method in which reason was used to support Christian beliefs
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Thomas Aquinas
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a famous scholastic who, in his work Summa theologica, concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony, since both lead to the truth that God rules over an orderly universe, thus bringing together Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy
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vernacular
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the everyday languages of ordinary people
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Gothic style
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a style of architecture known for flying buttresses, large stained-glass windows, height, graceful spires, etc.
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flying buttresses
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stone supports that stodd outside Gothic churches and enabled builders to construct higher thinner walls and make space for large stained-glass windows
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Black Death
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an epidemic of the Bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s
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epidemic
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an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease
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inflation
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rising prices that occurred during the Black Death in Europe as the cost of labor soared and the economy suffered
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schism
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split; one occurred in 1378 in the Roman Catholic Church when reformers and French cardinals elected different popes
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longbow
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a new weapon wielded by English archers in the Hundred Year's War
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Constantinople
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the capital of the Byzantine empire that was located on the shores of the Bosporus strait and commanded many key trade routes
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Justinian
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Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565, he gained temporary new lands, rebuilt Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia, wrote an important legal code, ruled with absolute power
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Justinian's Code
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a revised and organized collection of all of the laws of ancient Rome that impacted Western European monarchs in the late 1100s and international law today
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autocratic
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a type of government where there is one ruler with absolute authority
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Theodora
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Justinian's wife and advisor, who even pursued her own policies
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patriarch
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the highest Church official, present in Constantinople
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icons
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holy images
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Great Schism
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the split between eastern and western Christianity in 1054 that led to the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
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steppe
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open treeless grassland found in the third region of Russia
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Kiev
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the capital of present-day Ukraine that was the capital of the first Russian state, where Slavs and Vikings mixed
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Cyrillic
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the alphabet created by Greek brothers Cyril and Methodius so they could translate the Bible into the Slavic tongue; it became the written script used today in Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Bulgaria
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Golden Horde
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the Mongol armies led by Batu, Genghis Khan's grandson, that ruled Russia for more than 150 years from their capital on the Volga; they got their name from their tents' color
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Ivan the Great
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a prince of Moscow who brought much of northern Russia under his rule between 1462 and 1505, in addition to recovering Russian territory in Lithuania; he built the framework for absolute rule
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Bedouins
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desert-dwelling Arab nomads
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Muhammad
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the founder of Islam who lived from 570 to 632
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Mecca
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a city in the Arabian peninsula that is where Muhammad grew up and heard the word of the angel Gabriel asking him to be Allah's prophet; it is the most holy city of Islam
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Yathrib
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the destination of the hijra where more Arabs converted to Islam and the first umma (community of Muslims) was created
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hijra
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the journey of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib in 622
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Medina
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the new name for Yathrib and the second-most holy city of Islam
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Kaaba
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a temple in Mecca that was originally for pagan gods and goddesses that Muhammad rededicated to Allah; it is the most holy site of Islam and is the destination of the hajj
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Quran
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the sacred text of Islam that is written in Arabic and contains the sacred word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad
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mosque
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Islamic houses of worship
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hajj
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the pilgrimage to Mecca that is one of the Five Pillars and must be made by every Muslim at least once in their life
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jihad
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struggle in God's service that is usually a personal duty for Muslims
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Sharia
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a Muslim body of law that includes interpretation of the Quran, examples of behavior from Muhammad's life, and Muslim customs
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Abu Bakr
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Muhammad's father-in-law and an early convert to Islam who became the first caliph
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caliph
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successor to Muhammad
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Sunnis
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Muslims who believe that Muhammad's successor should be a pious male Muslim from Muhammad's tribe and is called a caliph, acting as a political leader of the religious community without any divine or prophetic functions; makes up 90% of Muslims today
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Shiites
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Muslims who believe that Muhammad's successor should be a descendant of Ali and Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, and is called a Imam, a divinely inspired religious leader who can interpret the Quran and Muhammad's actions
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Sufis
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Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
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Umayyads
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a Sunni caliphate that ruled the Muslim empire until 750 from their capital at Damascus, it made numerous conquests and expanded Muslim rule from Spain and Morocco to the Indus River Valley, while treating conquered peoples fairly
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Abbasids
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a caliphate that ruled until 1258 and created an empire based on the equality of all Muslims, that was centered at its capital in Baghdad
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Baghdad
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the capital of the Abbasid empire that was large and grand
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minarets
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slender towers of the mosques
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sultan
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name for a Muslim ruler
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social mobility
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the ability to move up in social class
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Firdawsi
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a Persian poet who wrote the Shah Namah (Book of Kings), which tells of Persia's history
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Omar Khayyám
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a Persian poet, scholar, and astronomer who wrote The Rubáiyát, a collection of four-line stanzas about fate and life's fleeting nature
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calligraphy
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the art of beautiful handwriting that Muslim artists used with Arabic script
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Ibn Rushd
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a Muslim philosopher in Cordoba (known as Averroës in Europe) who put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reasoning and whose writings on Aristotle were translated into Latin and influenced medieval European Christian scholastics
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Ibn Khaldun
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an Arab historian who set standards for the scientific study of history, stressing that economics and social structure were causes of historical events and warning about common errors in historical writing, like bias and exaggeration
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al-Khwarizmi
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a Muslim mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra and wrote a book in the 800s that became a standard mathematics textbook in Europe, along with developing a set of astronomical tables
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Muhammad al-Razi
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head physician at Baghdad's chief hospital who wrote many medical books, including a pioneering study on measles and smallpox, and also challenged accepted medical practices
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Ibn Sina
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a famous Persian physician (known as Avicenna in Europe) who wrote the Canon on Medicine, a huge encyclopedia about diagnosis and disease treatment
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Delhi
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the capital of the Delhi sultanate, which lasted from 1206 to 1526 and marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India
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rajahs
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local Hindu rulers
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Sikhism
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a new religion founded by Nanak, an Indian holy man, that blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs
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Babur
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a descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane who led Turkish and Mongol armies into India in 1526 and founded the Mughal dynasty
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Mughal
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a dynasty that ruled from 1526 to 1857 and was founded by Babur, eventually stretching from the Himalayas to the Deccan plateau
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Akbar
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Babur's grandson who ruled from 1556 to 1605 and created a strong central government, along with creating a policy of toleration that won Hindu support
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Nur Jahan
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the wife of Akbar's son Jahangir and the person in control of government during his reign
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Shah Jahan
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Akbar's grandson who built the Taj Mahal for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who had passed away
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Taj Mahal
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the tomb designed by a Persian architect and created by Shah Jahan that had white domes, minarets, reflecting pools, gardens, Quran-lined walls, etc.
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Ottomans
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Turkish-speaking Sunni nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor, from which they spread and created their empire
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Istanbul
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the new name for Constantinople and the capital of the Ottoman empire
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Suleiman
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ruler of the Ottoman empire from 1520 to 1566 who modernized the army and conquered many new lands
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janizaries
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the elite force of the Ottoman army
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Safavid
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the dynasty that united a Persian empire by the early 1500s and was made up of Shiite Muslims
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shah
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the name for a Safavid king
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Shah Abbas
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the best-known Safavid king who ruled from 1588 to 1629, during which he centralized the government, created a powerful military, allied with European states, strengthened the economy, built a new capital
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Isfahan
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the capital of the Safavid empire and center of the international silk trade
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Qajars
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a new dynasty that won control of Iran in the late 1700s and ruled until 1925
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Tehran
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the capital of the Qajars
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