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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Privileges of the Dominant
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Dominant groups enjoy privileges at the expense of others and White privilege refers to rights granted to people as a benefit/favor because they are white
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Stereotypes
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Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group
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Racial Formation
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sociohistorical process of created, inhibited, transformed and destroyed racial categories
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Racial Group
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A group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences
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Ethnic Group
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A group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
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Race
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Racial Group: refers to those minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences
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Ethnicity
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An ethnic group, unlike a racial group, is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
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Symbolic ethnicity
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An emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage
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Why does immigration provide valuable functions?
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Alleviates labor shortages, Migration helps economies unable to support large numbers of people, and Large amounts of money is sent back to their native home
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Why can immigration be a dysfunction?
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Areas that accept high concentrations of immigrants may find it difficult to meet short-term social service needs. Migrants with skills or educational potential leave developing nations affects that nation
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Conflict theorist opinion on why immigration is a dysfunction:
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Economic competition – jobs, housing, education, etc.
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Functionalist Perspective on race and ethnicity inequality
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Maintains an unequal society that routinely deprives a subordinate group of its rights & privileges, discourages members of the subordinate group from questioning their lowly status( which would be to question the very foundations of society, and societal change would only bring greater poverty to the subordinate group and lower the dominant group’s standard of living
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Dysfunctions of Race and ethnicity
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Society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals, discrimination limits the search for talent & leadership
Discrimination aggravates social problems Society must invest a good deal of time & money Racial prejudice & discrimination often undercut goodwill & friendly diplomatic relations |
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The Conflict Response
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Exploitation Theory: the basis of racial subordination in the U.S. Exploitation of lower class as a basic part of the capitalist economic system
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Which theory is persuasive in a number of instances?
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The Conflict Perspective.
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Which theory talks about racial profiling?
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The Labeling Theory
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Racial Profiling:
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Defined as any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than on a person’s behavior
Generally occurs in law enforcement |
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The Interactionist Approach
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Contact Hypothesis: states that interracial contact between people of equal status who are engaged in a cooperative task will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes
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Prejudice
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negative attitude toward an entire category of people
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Ethnocentrism
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the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm
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Racism
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one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
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Color-Blind Racism:
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race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
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Discrimination:
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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias
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Glass Ceiling
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invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual’s gender, race, or ethnicity
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Institutional Discrimination
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Refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
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Three forms of institutional discrimination:
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Rule of English being spoken, Preferences of school admin, and Restricted employment-leave
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Affirmative Action
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refers to positive efforts to recruit members of subordinate groups or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
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Why is measuring discrimination a complex process?
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Researchers must confirm prejudice exists by assessing people’s attitudes toward a racial or ethnic group and have to show that members are treated differently from others
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Gender Roles
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Defined as expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
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In gender socialization what do boys have to be like?
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Masculine: Active, aggressive, tough, daring and dominant
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What do girls have to be like?
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Feminine: Soft, Emotional, Sweet, and submissive
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Who plays a key role in gender roles?
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Adults play a critical role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate by society
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How are self images of men and women created?
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Identifying with females and males in their families and neighborhoods and in the media
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What roles are women mostly portrayed in?
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Mostly shown in the traditional roles
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Aspects of men gender roles:
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Antifeminine element, Success element, Aggressive element, Sexual element, and Self-Reliant element
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Male gender roles are constructed
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in much the same way as women’s roles (family, peers, and the media) but males are portrayed as a variety of characters
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Cross-Cultural Perspective
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Gender stratification in any society requires:
Nature versus Nurture |
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Nature Vs Nurture
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Women will be nurturers and men will be providers, are not learned, but are rooted in our genetic make up.
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The Functionalist View
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Gender differentiation contributes to overall social stability
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Instrumentality:
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Refers to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship
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Expressiveness:
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Concern for the maintenance of harmony and women’s interest in expressive goals frees men for instrumental tasks
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The Conflict Response
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The underlying power relations between men and women
The relationship between females and males has traditionally been one of unequal power, with men occupying the dominant position |
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The Feminist Perspective
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Women’s subordination as part of the overall exploitation and injustice they see as inherent in capitalist societies
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The Interactionist Approach
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Study micro level of everyday behavior
The way gender is socially constructed in everyday interactions |
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Sexism:
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Ideology that one sex is superior to the other
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Sexual Harassment
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Behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors or when touching, lewd comments, or the appearance of pornographic material creates a hostile environment in the workplace
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The Status of Women Worldwide
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Detailed overview of the status of the world’s women, noted that men and women live in two different worlds
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What passage was taken too literal?
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Commission on Civil Rights concluded that the passage of the Declaration of Independence, “all men are created equal” was taken too literal for too long
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The “Second Shift”:
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Describes the double burden of working outside of the home followed by child care and housework
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Social inequality
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the condition in which members of a society enjoy different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
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Chapter 5
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Stratification in the United States and Global Inequality
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Stratification:
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structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic awards
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Income:
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salaries and wages
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Wealth:
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material assets such as land, stocks, and other property
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Systems of Stratification
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4 general systems - slavery, caste. estate, and social classes
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Estate System
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associated with feudal societies in the Middle Ages; required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection
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Class System:
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social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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Rossides (1997) uses five-class model to describe U.S. class system
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Upper class, Upper-middle class, Lower-middle class
Working class, and Lower class |
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Slavery
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: most extreme form of legalized social inequality; enslaved individuals are owned by other people
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Castes:
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hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile
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Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation
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Social relations depend on who controls the primary mode of production
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2 words Karl Marx uses for production:
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Bourgeoisie and proletariat
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Bourgeoisie:
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capitalist class; owns the means of production
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Proletariat:
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working class, workers of the means of production, exploited
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Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation - Class Consciousness:
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subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change
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Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation - False Consciousness:
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attitude held by members of class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
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What sociologist focuses on class, status groups, and power?
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Max Weber
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Max Weber’s View of Stratification
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No single characteristic totally defines a person’s position with the stratification system
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Status Group:
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people who have the same prestige or lifestyle
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Class:
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group of people who have similar level of wealth and income
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Power:
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ability to exercise one’s will over others
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What perspective believes Inequality exists in all societies—even the simplest?
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Functionalist View
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Why is social inequity necessary?
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Social inequity is necessary so people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions
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Problem with the functionalist perspective on if stratification is universal:
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Does not explain the wide disparity between the rich and the poor
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According to the conflict view what are humans prone to with stratification?
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Human beings are prone to conflict over scarce resources such as wealth, status, and power
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Dominant Ideology
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: set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
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What will eventually lead to instability and social change?
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Stratification a major source of societal tension and conflict that will inevitably lead to instability and social change
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Interactionist perspective on is stratification universal:
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Inequality:
Influences our daily lives, Influences our intergroup relationships and Exhibits consumption and leisure |
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Lenski’s Viewpoint
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As a society advances technologically, it becomes capable of producing a considerable surplus of goods
Emergence of surplus resources greatly expands possibilities for inequality in status, influence, and power Allocation of surplus goods and services reinforces social inequality |
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Objective Method
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Class largely viewed as a statistical category based on Occupation, Education, Income and Place of residence
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The Objective Method: Prestige
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respect and admiration an occupation holds in society
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The Objective Method: Esteem:
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reputation specific person has earned within an occupation
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Measuring Social Class- Multiple Measures
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Advances in statistical methods and computer technology have multiplied factors used to define class
Sociologist interested in real and often dramatic differences in power, privilege, and opportunity in a society |
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Prestige job in ranking of occupations:
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Physician, 86.
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Lowest job prestige wise
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Newspaper vendor , 15.
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True or false: Income in U.S. distributed unevenly
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True.
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Absolute poverty
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minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below
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Relative poverty:
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floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole
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Social Mobility:
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Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another
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Open System:
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position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved position
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Closed System
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allows little or no possibility of moving up
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Types of Social Mobility- Horizontal Mobility:
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movement within same range of prestige
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Example of Horizontal Mobility:
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An elementary school teacher becoming a police officer because they have the same the occupation prestige ranking.
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Types of Social Mobility; Vertical Mobility:
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movement from one position to another of a different rank
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Example of Vertical Mobility:
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If a teacher (60 prestige) became a lawyer. (76 prestige).
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Can vertical mobility be downward?
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Yes. _________ is like a teacher becoming a bank teller (50 prestige)
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Types of Social Mobility: Intergenerational Mobility:
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changes in social position relative to one’s parents
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Example of Intergenerational Mobility:
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A plumber whose father was a physician is downward _________________. If he was a movie star while his parents were factory workers that is upward _______.
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What contributes significantly to upward mobility?
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Education. Even though any barrier to the pursuit of advanced degrees can definitely limit intergenerational mobility.
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Types of Social Mobility: Intragenerational Mobility:
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changes in social position within a person’s adult life
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Example of Intragenerational Mobility:
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When a teacher aide eventually becomes a superintendent.
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Chapter 8
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Social Institutions: Family and Religion
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Social Institution
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Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on general basic needs
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Functionalist View on social institutions
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Replacing personnel
Teaching new recruits Producing and distributing goods and services Preserving order Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose |
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Conflict View on social institutions
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Major institutions help maintain the privileges of the most powerful individuals and groups in a society
Social institutions such as education are inherently conservative Social institutions operate in gendered and racist environments |
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Interactionist View on social institutions
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Social institutions affect our everyday behavior
Social behavior is conditioned by roles and statuses we accept, the groups we belong to, and institutions within which we function |
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Family:
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set of people related by blood, marriage (or some other agreed-upon relationship), or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society
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Nuclear Family
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larger family groups are built (Married parents with their unmarried children)
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Extended Family
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family in which relatives such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles live in same home as parents and their children
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Monogamy:
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form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other
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Serial Monogamy:
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when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time
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Polygamy:
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when an individual has several husbands or wives simultaneously
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Polygyny:
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marriage of a man to more than one woman at a time
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Polyandry:
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marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time
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Kinship:
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state of being related to others
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Bilateral Descent
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both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important
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Patrilineal descent:
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only the father’s relatives are important
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Matrilineal descent
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only the mother’s relatives are significant
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Three authority patterns of families:
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patriarchy, matriarchy, and egalitarian family
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Patriarchy:
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males are expected to dominate in all family decision making
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Matriarchy:
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: women have greater authority than men
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Egalitarian family
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: family in which spouses are regarded as equals
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Functionalist View on families. Family serves six functions for society:
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Reproduction
Protection Socialization Regulation of sexual behavior Affection and companionship Provision of social status |
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Conflict View on family
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Family reflects inequality in wealth and power found within society
Throughout most of human history—and in a wide range of societies, husbands exercised power and authority within the family View the family as an economic unit contributing to social injustice |
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Interactionist View on family
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Focuses on the micro level of family and other intimate relationships
Interested in how individuals interact with each other, whether they are cohabiting partners or longtime married couples |
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Durkheim's classic definition of religion
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Durkheim viewed religion as collective act; religion includes many forms of behavior in which people interact with others
Acknowledged religion is not the only integrative force; nationalism or patriotism may serve the same end |
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Religion and Social Support: What does this do?
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Through its emphasis on the divine and the supernatural, religion allows us to “do something” about calamities we face.
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Religion and Social Support: What does religion provide for individuals in society?
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Religion encourages us to view personal misfortunes as relatively unimportant in broader perspective of human history
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Religious Rituals:
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practices required or expected of members of a faith
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Religious Experience
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feeling or perception of being in direct contact with ultimate reality or of being overcome with religious emotion
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Religious beliefs:
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statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
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Components of religion
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Primarily an interactionist view
Religions have elements in common Beliefs, rituals, and experience Sacred VS Profane |
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Protestant ethic
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Weber argued that followers of John Calvin, a leader of the Protestant Reformation, emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and rational orientation for life
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why is religion an agent of depoliticization ?
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Keeps people from seeing their lives and societal conditions in political terms
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Religion and Social Control: A Conflict View
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Marx argued religion impeded social change by encouraging people to focus on other-worldly concerns rather than their poverty or exploitation
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