Chapters 5 And 6 History

Front 1

1. What was the first Brazilian economic cycle based on?

Back 1

Brazilwood

Front 2

2. Brazil fell into the Portuguese zone of exploration and settlement by virtue of what?

Back 2

Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494

Front 3

3. What was the principal activity of the bandeirantes?

Back 3

The capture of indigenous slaves

Front 4

4. What hampered the resistance of Brazilian natives to conquest and enslavement?

Back 4

The tendency of tribes to war with each other

Front 5

5. How did the Jesuits arouse the hostility of the Brazilian planters?

Back 5

By their program for settling indigenous converts in Jesuit mission villages

Front 6

6. The principal threat to Portuguese sovereignty over Brazil came from which European nation?

Back 6

Holland

Front 7

7. The decline of the Brazilian sugar industry by the late 17th century was primarily because of competition from where?

Back 7

Competition from more efficient Caribbean plantations and refineries

Front 8

8. The 18th century mineral cycle initiated a major shift in Brazil’s center of economic gravity from where to where?

Back 8

North to south

Front 9

9. What was an important element in Pombal’s effort to reconquer Brazilian markets for Portugal?

Back 9

Formation of companies with monopolies of trade with particular regions of Brazil

Front 10

10. The government of Portuguese Brazil differed from that of the Spanish Indies in what way?

Back 10

Much smaller scale of the Portuguese administration

Front 11

11. In colonial Brazil, great landowners often enhanced their personal influence how?

Back 11

With the immense power attached to the office of capitão mor

Front 12

12. Individuals in Brazil tended to be classified racially on the basis of their what?

Back 12

Their social and economic status

Front 13

13. The view that Brazilian slavery was milder than slavery in other colonies was largely fostered by whose writings?

Back 13

Gilberto Freyre

Front 14

14. The most famous Brazilian fugitive slave settlement was where?

Back 14

Palmares

Front 15

15. The War of the Mascates was a struggle between whom?

Back 15

A struggle between Brazilian-born mazombos and peninsulars

Front 16

16. Treatment of enslaved Africans in Brazil was especially harsh because slave owners were able to do what?

Back 16

To coldly calculate that they could double their profits by working slaves to death

Front 17

51. What was an important function of the Council of the Indies?

Back 17

To nominate all high colonial officials to the king

Front 18

52. What was an important function of oidores?

Back 18

To make regular tours of inspection of their provinces

Front 19

53. What was the worst abuse of the corregidor’s authority?

Back 19

The mandatory purchase of goods from him by the natives of his district

Front 20

54. When did the sale of colonial offices by the crown become the standard practice?

Back 20

Beginning in the reign of Philip II

Front 21

55. Why did Philip II favor the secular over the regular clergy?

Back 21

Because he disliked the independent spirit shown by the regulars regarding Spain’s policy toward indigenous peoples

Front 22

56. Which religious order was the wealthiest in the Spanish colonies?

Back 22

The Society of Jesus

Front 23

57. From an economic point of view, which missionary effort was the most successful?

Back 23

The Jesuit missions in Paraguay

Front 24

58. The great majority of cases tried by the colonial Inquisition had to do with type of

Back 24

Offenses against morality

Front 25

59. What did the Laws of the Indies assign mestizos of legitimate birth?

Back 25

Assigned mestizos of legitimate birth equal status with whites

Front 26

510. The patronato real refers to royal control over what?

Back 26

Control over ecclesiastical affairs in Spain and the colonies

Front 27

511. What was one legacy of the colonial period for independent Latin America?

Back 27

The contrast between such nominal concentration of power and the effective supremacy of great landowners on the local level

Front 28

512. What was the residencia?

Back 28

Judicial review of an official’s conduct at the end of his term of office

Front 29

513. Who were viceroys and captains-general?

Back 29

The supreme military and civil authority in the Spanish colonies

Front 30

514. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a literary giant whose intellectual achievements were fostered by what?

Back 30

By convent life that freed women from male domination and exploitation

Front 31

515. What was the censo?

Back 31

A common method for landowners to endow religious institutions by mortgaging estates

Front 32

516. Limpieza de sangre and the colonial hierarchy of castas shows that the idea of race was what?

Back 32

Socially constructed to rationalize and preserve the power of a tiny ruling elite