Chapters 3 And 4, From Lecture 3, Psy 2114

Front 1

what are the two newborn's reflexes?

Back 1

- survival instincts
- primitive instincts

Front 2

Survival Instincts:

Back 2

- rooting and sucking
- rooting= turning face when touched.
- blinking

Front 3

Primitive instincts:

Back 3

- precursors for later voluntary motor behaviors
- stepping Moro reflex (grabbing like putting hands up)
Bubinsky reflex(fanning of toes)
- grasping = palmer

Front 4

Early Reflexes:

Back 4

give information about childs nervous system
- if not functioning right may give keys about development

Front 5

Apgar index:

Back 5

- heart rate
- respiration
- muscle ton
- reflexes
- skin tone

- givin 0, 1, 2
- score of more than 7 = good

4-6 needs assesment
1-3 critical condition

Front 6

Neonatal behavioral assessment scale

Back 6

Reflexes
Hearing
Vision
Alertness
Irritability
Consolability

Front 7

Basic Cry:

Back 7

Starts softly and builds in volume and intensity. Often seen when the child is hungry.

Front 8

Mad cry:

Back 8

- more intense and louder

Front 9

Pain cry:

Back 9

Starts with a loud wail, followed by a long pause then gasping

Front 10

Sleep cycle? how much, when, what life stage , Rem?

Back 10

Sleep 16-18 hours daily

Cycle of 4 hours of sleep followed by 1 hour of wakefulness

Usually sleep through the night at 3 mths

REM sleep gradually decreases from 50% of the newborn’s sleep to about 25% by 1 year

Front 11

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

Back 11

SIDS
- sudden, unexplainable death of a healthy baby

- Smoking
Sleeping on stomach
Overheating
Low birth weight

Front 12

Shaken baby syndrome

Back 12

- Parent can’t control crying, shakes can cause death or other serious injury

Front 13

Physical development:

Back 13

Growth is more rapid in infancy than during any other period after birth

Infants double their weight by three months, triple their weight by 1 year

Average is not the same as Normal
- you can be smaller than the the average but still normal

Front 14

Posture and balance:

Back 14

top-heavy
inner ear
visual cues

Front 15

Steeping:

Back 15

6-7 months

Front 16

Walking unassistes:

Back 16

other skills must be mastered
child is developmentally ready
(differentiation/integration)
- Need to learn each individual skill associated with each of these movements
Need to learn the sequence of the motor pattern (differentiation/integration)

Front 17

Emerging nervous system:

Back 17

- Brain develops with new experiences, dendrites are sprouted making dense connections

- - Developing brain has natural partitions form
Occipital lobe first (obviously because it is needed for survival)
Frontal lobe comes last

Front 18

Reaching and grasping: when? what?

Back 18

- 4 months

Ulnar: claw- like grasp with little manipulation

Pincer: when thumb is used in opposition to fingers

Front 19

Handedness:

Back 19

About 90 percent of children use their right hand
Most grasp with right hand by 13 months
Clear preference seen by 2 years

Front 20

Sequence of fine motor skills:

Back 20

4 months, infants clumsily reach for objects

5 months infants coordinate movement of the two hands

2-3 years, children can use zippers but not buttons

Tying shoes is a skill that develops around age 6 years

Front 21

Information Processing Measuring Attention /Perception

Back 21

Orienting
Habituation (learning to be bored)
Preferential Looking
Evoked Potentials

Front 22

Habituation

Back 22

Habituation studies are important because it means that they can detect differences and perceive things
Preferential Looking

Front 23

Preferential Looking

Back 23

More time looking at one signifies a preference to on stimuli, gives us an idea of what they can sense or perceive

Front 24

Evoked Potentials

Back 24

Measuring action potentials in different parts of the brain during certain stimulus

Front 25

Hearing? what? when? what do they think?

Back 25

Startle reactions show sensitivity to sound

By 7 mths can use sound to locate direction and distance

- baby rattle experiement

Front 26

Vision: what? colour?

Back 26

Newborns respond to light & visually track moving objects

Newborns: perceive contrast but few colors


1-month-old can differentiate blue and gray, red from green
.

3- to 4-months: perceive colors like adults

Front 27

Visual preference test:

Back 27

?????

Front 28

Infants Visual acuity: definition? how is it? what test was used to test it?

Back 28

visual acuity: the smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependably

- used a strip test vs. gray squares, see which one the baby is more interested (patterns) until the lines get to fine and the baby thinks they are both the same.

- infants= 6.1 meters see what adults see at 61-122 m.
- by 1 yrs, see same acuity as adult

Front 29

Depth, the visual cliff

Back 29

Babies show increased attention over deep side at age 2 months
Shows fear at about 7 months old

Front 30

Object perception: what is it like? time line?

Back 30

- limited in newborns, but grows fast
- by 4months, infants use a number of cues to determine what elements go together

Motion; elements that move together are usually part of the same object

- colour, texture, aligned edges

Front 31

What is Piagets first step in cognitive development? when does it occur

Back 31

-0 -2 yrs.
- sensorimotor thinking

Front 32

What are Piaget's 6 stages of sensoimotor thinking? describe:

Back 32

1. Newborn uses Reflexes: sucking a nipple
2. Primary Circular Motions (1- 4 mths), accidentally producing an event and trying to recreate. Sucking thumb
3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8 mths): showing interest in the world, doing things to learn
4. Behaving Intentionally (8-12 months)
Infants engage in deliberate behaviour to achieve some end result: moving an object to get another object

5.Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Experimenting trying old behaviors' on new objects to see results

6. Symbolic Capacity (18-24 months)
Words and gestures are used to represent objects and desires

Object permanence

Front 33

Assimilation:

Back 33

occurs when new experiences are readily incorporated into existing schemes.

ex: one grasping scheme, will also work on another object

- piaget

Front 34

Accommodation:

Back 34

- Piaget

- occurs when schemes are modified based on experience

- ex: one object can be lifted with two hands, some cant be lifted at all

Front 35

Speech Development:
phonemes?

Back 35

Phonemes ( unique sounds that can be joined to create words)- as early as 1 mth can distinguish between sounds

Eventually, lose the ability to distinguish unused phonemes
- ex: sounds unused in your own language.

Cooing: oooooo, ahhhhh
Babbling: dah, bah
Intonations: babies use declarative and question patterns of their language
First words: usually after first birthday. structure of these words usually borrowed from advanced babbling

Front 36

Identifying words: what do they pay more attention to? what do parents use?
timeline?

Back 36

Pay more attention to repeated words

Parents use infant-directed speech in which they speak slowly and exaggerate changes in pitch and volume
(motherese)

By 2 years, have a vocabulary of around a few hundred words

By age 6, know around 10,000 words

Learning based on joint attention: parents label objects of interest for their kid.

Front 37

What are Erikson's first 2 developmental stages? describe.

Back 37

1. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust
Responsiveness and Consistency helps to develop a basic sense of trust and openness

2. Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt
strive for independence but failure brings doubt/shame

Front 38

Consequences of attachment:
- what effects? feelings? conflict?

Back 38

Children with secure attachments are more confident and successful with peers

Securely attached children have fewer conflicts with friendships with peers

Conclusion is that children use early attachments as prototypes for later relationships and interactions

Front 39

Explain basic biological programming, what are the basic emotions?

Back 39

- all infants express the same emotions, suggests biological programming

- joy, anger, fear = basic emotions

Front 40

COmplex emotions? what? when?

Back 40

Complex emotions emerge around 18-24 months and include
Guilt
Embarrassment
Pride

Front 41

Temperament? what theory? who? 3 things?

Back 41

Thomas & Chess (1984) theorized 60% of children fall into one of three groups:

Easy Child – often in a good mood and easily adaptable to new situations

Difficult Child – slow to adapt to change and may have tantrums or cry loudly when frustrated

Slow-to-warm Child – shows negative responses when first exposed to new situations but slowly come to accept them with further exposure

Front 42

What effect does hereditary and environmental contributions have to temperament?

Back 42

Many agree that temperament reflects both heredity and experience

Influence of heredity shown in twin studies

Positive emotionality –seems to reflect environmental influences

Develop intense, difficult temperaments when mothers are abrupt in dealing with them

Front 43

I and me:

Back 43

- self awareness emerges in 18-24 months of age, kids refer to themselves as I or me.

Front 44

Mirror and red dot study:

Back 44

- sometimes babies, touch the mirror, or wave.

- place red dot on nose, most 1 yr olds touch the red dot. ,

- 15 months, they touch their nose as well.

Front 45

Motor functioning: timeline? where?

Back 45

3rd- 12th month
- Brocaa area (l-r hemispheres)
- 1- 2 years old

Front 46

Language: timeline? where?

Back 46

2-6 yrs

Front 47

Cognitive

Back 47

birth- 18 yrs reflect piagets 4 stages

posterior- to anterior