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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is atherosclerosis?
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Progressive thickening of arterial walls caused by plaqueAccumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue |
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consequences of atherosclerosis
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Can affect almost any organ or tissue in the bodyThrombosisBlood clot in an artery that enlarges over time, obstructing blood flow EmbolusPortion of blood clot that breaks free and travels through circulatory systemEventually lodges in smaller vessel and interrupts blood flow, causing sudden tissue death |
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Consequences of Atherosclerosis (cont’d.)
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Ischemia-Deficiency of blood and oxygen within tissues served by an obstructed arteryCause of most complications AneurysmAbnormal dilation of blood vessel wallVessel weakens and may rupture, causing massive bleeding and death |
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Causes of Atherosclerosis
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Shear stress/hypertensionStress of blood flow can damage arteries Abnormal blood lipidsHigh levels of LDL and low levels of HDL Cigarette smokingChemicals are toxic to endothelial cells Diabetes mellitusAdvanced glycation end products produce inflammation and oxidative stress |
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Causes of Atherosclerosis (cont’d.) |
Age and genderIncreased risk in men over 45 and women over 55 |
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
Also called coronary artery diseaseMost often caused by atherosclerosis which leads to impaired blood flow SymptomsPain or discomfort in chest regionPain may radiate to left neck and shoulder, arms, back, or jawShortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and lower abdominal discomfort |
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Evaluating Risk for CHD |
Prevention should begin before symptoms appear American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommendationsAssess traditional risk factors every four to six years from age 20 to 79 yearsOnline calculator can be used to predict 10-year and lifetime risk |
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total blood cholesterol MG/DL
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desirable <200, broderline risk 200-239, high risk >or=to 240
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LDL mg/dl
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desireable <100, borderline risk 130-159, high risk 160-189
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HDL mg/dl |
desirable >or=to 60, borderline risk men: 40-59 / women: 50-59, high risk men: <40 women: <50
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Triglycerides, fasting mg/dl
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desirabel <150, borderline risk 150-199, high risk 200-499
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blood pressure, systolic/diastolc
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desirable <120/<80, borderline risk 120-139/80-89, (high risk >or=to 140/ >or=to 90)
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body mass index BMI
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desirable 18.5-24.9, borderline risk, 25-29.9, high risk >or= to 30
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non modifiable risk factors for CHD |
increasing age, male, family history of early hear diease
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Major modifiable risk factors
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high LDL cholesterol, high blood triglyceride levels VLDL, low HDL, hypertension (blood pressure), Diabetes, obesity,, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption more than 3 drinks per day, atherogenic diet (high in sat/trans fats, low in in fruits in vegetables
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lifestyle management to reduce CVD risk Dietary strategies |
dietary pattern USDA food pattern/DASH, limit sat fat (5-7% total kcal), cholesterol less than 200 mg/perday, replace sat fat with unsat fats, avoid trans fats, high soluble fibers, plant sterols/stanols,fish consumed regularly, alcohol 1 for women 2 for men, low sodium + high fruits and veggies, whole grains, nuts, low fat milk
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lifestyle choices to reduce CVD risk
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phyical activity aerobic activity 40 mins., 3-4 days/week, avoid tobacco
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weight reduction to reduce CDV risk
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weight reduction improves CVD risk factors, prevent weight gain, reduce weight, lower over long term, 5-10% of original body weight
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Diuretics |
gastrointestinal effects: dry mouth,anorexia, decreased taste perception Dietary interactions: Furosemide's bioavailability is reduced when taken with food. licorice root may intterfere with the effects of diuretics metabolic effects: fluid and electrolye imbalances hyperglycemia, hyperlipiedmias, thiamin def (furosemide), elevated uric acid levels (furosemide) |
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Heart Failure |
Characterized by heart’s inability to pump adequate bloodResults in buildup of fluid in veins and tissuesOften consequence of chronic disordersHeart cannot cope with extra workloadDevelops primarily in elderly individuals |
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Consequences of heart failure |
Fluid accumulation in liver, abdomen, and lower extremitiesFluid buildup in lungs, causing shortness of breath and limited oxygen for activityImpaired function to other organs, such as liver and kidneysReduced food intake
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weight reduction for blood pressure reduction
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get to bmi of 18.5-24.9, lowered systolic 10mm Hg per 10 kg weight loss
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Dash eating plan for blood pressure
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should lower systolic 5-6 Hg
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sodium restriction for blood pressue |
2400 mg sodium <6 g salt per day, more if possible, should lower systolic 2mm Hg, 7mm Hg, 3-4 mmHg
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physical activity for blood pressure |
aeorbic activity 40mins 3-4 day a week, expected lowered systolic 2-4 mm Hg
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moderate alcohol consumption |
expected systolic drop 2-4 mm Hg
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