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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What theory ties all of biology together?
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Darwin's
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define fact
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An event in the past
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Define Hypothesis
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a testable explanation of the facts
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an idea, is also known as a what?
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Hypothesis
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Define Law
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a pattern of facts
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define Theory
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a hypothesis that has stood the test of time
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Which is older, the theory of evolution or chemistry
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theory of evolution
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What is the whole mission of science?
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To generate theories
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Who created the science of Geology? When?
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Lyell, 1830
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Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments is known as
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adaptations
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a process in which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits is called
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natural selection
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what are the two main idea's of Darwin's book, the Origin of Species?
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descent with modification explains life's unity and diversity and that natural selection brings about the match between organisms and their environment.
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scientist estimate that what percentage of all species that have ever lived are now dead?
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99%
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evolution is defined as....
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descent with modification
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what great philosopher viewed species as "fixed" (unchanging)?
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Aristotle
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who created the two-part or binomial system of naming things (homo sapiens)?
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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The remains or traces of organisms from the past are known as...
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fossils
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Most fossils are found in what type of rock?
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sedimentary rock
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Who published "Essays on the Principle of Evolution" in 1798?
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Malthus
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The original hypothesis of evolution was published in 1809 by whom?
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Lamarck
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new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called what?
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strata
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The study of fossils is called what?
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Paleontology
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what principle states that mechanisms of change are constant over time?
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principle of uniformitarianism
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the human modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits is a process called.....
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Artificial selection
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Similarity resulting from common ancestry is known as
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Homology
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What term is used to represent variations on a structural theme that were present in common ancestors?
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Homologous structures
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Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors are called...
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vestigial structures
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do humans and bacteria share inherited genes?
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yes
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A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms is called
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evolutionary tree
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Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages is known as....
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Convergent evolution
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Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology, is known as being
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analogous
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The geographic distribution of species is known as?
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biogeography
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what is the definition of endemic?
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found nowhere else in the world.
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Who was the "inventor" of science?
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Aristotle
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How much of the evidence must a theory support?
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All of the evidence.
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any change in allelic frequency of a population is known as...
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evolution
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a genetic error in a gene is called
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a mutation
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the four causes of micro-evolution are?
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mutation, natural selection, Genetic drift and gene flow.
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average heterozygosity means?
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The average percent of loci that are heterozygous
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differences in the genetic composition of separate populations is known as
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geographic variation
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what is a cline
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a graded change in a character along a geographic axis.
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What is the ultimate source of new alleles?
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mutation
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define mutation
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a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA
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A change in as little as one base in a gene is known as
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point mutation
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what are the three mechanisms that alter allele frequencies directly and cause most evolutionary change?
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Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
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define genetic drift
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a process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.
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Are genetic drifts more likely in large or small population?
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small
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What are two circumstances that can result in genetic drift having a significant impact on a population?
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The founder effect and the bottle neck effect.
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Define The Founder Effect
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When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, the smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population.
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A severe drop in population size can cause the what?
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Bottle neck effect
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Define gene flow
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the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.
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the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other individuals is known as
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Relative fitness
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What are the three modes of natural selection that can alter the frequency distribution of heritable traits?
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directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection.
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a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates is called
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sexual selection
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sexual selection can result in marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics known as
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sexual dimorphism
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selection within the same sex is called?
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intrasexual selection
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intersexual selection can also be called
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mate choice
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when does balancing selection occur?
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when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population.
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if the fitness of a phenotype declines it becomes too common in the population, this is known as
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frequency-dependent selection
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define neutral variation
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Genetic variation that does not appear to provide a selective advantage or disadvantage
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Selection acts on what?
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existing variations
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