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252 Cards in this Set
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Absorption
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The process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system
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Addiction
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A dependence characterized by a prestige need to take a drug to attain the psychological and physical effects of mood altering substances
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Affinity
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The strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell
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Agonist
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Drug that binds to a particular receptor site and trigger the cell's response in a manner similar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger
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Allergen
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Substance that produces an allergic response
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Allergic Response
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An instance in which the immune system over reacts to an otherwise harmless substance
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Anaphylactic Reaction
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A severe allergic response resulting in immediate life-threatening respiratory distress usually followed by vascular collapse and shock and accompanied by hives
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Angioedema
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue
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Antagonist
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Drugs that bind to a receptor site and block the action of the endogenous messenger or other drugs
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Antigen
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A specific molecule that stimulates an immune response
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Bioavailability
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The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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A barrier that prevents many substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood formed by glial cells that envelope the capillaries in the central nervous system presenting a barrier to many water-soluble compounds though they are in with all to liquid soap and permeable to liquid-soluble substances
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Ceiling Effect
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A point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage
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Clearance
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The rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time
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Contraindication
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A disease condition or symptom for which a drug will not be beneficial and may do harm
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Dependence
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A state in which a person's body has adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug and cannot function without it
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Distribution
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The process by which a drug movies from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action
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Dose
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The quantity of a drug administered at one time
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Duration of Action
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The length of time a drug gives the desired response or is at the therapeutic level
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Elimination
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Removal of a drug or metabolites from the body by excretion
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First-order
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Depending directly on the concentration of the drug elimination of most of it is a first order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated free of time
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First-pass effect
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The extent to which a drug is metabolized by liver before reaching systemic circulation
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Half-life
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The time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the body at any time written as T 1/2
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Homeostasis
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Stability of the organism
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Idiosyncratic reaction
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An unusual or unexpected response to a drug that is unrelated to the dose given
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Indication
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A disease symptoms or condition for which is drug is known to be of benefit
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Induction
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The process whereby a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to another drug
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Inhibition
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The process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug
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Interaction
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A change in the action of a drug caused by another drug is food or another substance such as alcohol or nicotine
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Lipid
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A fatty molecule an important an important constituent of cell membranes
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Local effect
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An action of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body
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Loading dose
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Amount of a drug and I will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level
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Maintenance dose
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Amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration at a therapeutic level
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Metabolic pathway
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The sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite
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Metabolism
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The process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds
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Metabolite
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A substance into which a drug is chemically converted in the body
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Peak
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The top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood
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Pharmacokinetic modeling
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A method of describing the process of absorption distribution metabolism and elimination of a drug within the body mathematically
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Pharmacokinetics
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The activity of a drug within the body over a. Of time includes absorption distribution metabolism and elimination
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Prophylaxis
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Effect of a drug in preventing infection or disease
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Pruritus
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Iching sensation
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Receptor
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A protein molecule on the surface of or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules thereby producing some effect within the cell
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Side effect
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A secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which is the drug was intended
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Solubility
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A drug's ability to dissolve in body fluids
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Specificity
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The property of a receptor site that enables it to bind only with a specific chemical messenger to bind with a specific cell type the messenger must have a chemical structure that is complementary to the structure of that cell's receptors
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Systemic effect
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In action of a drug that has a generalized all inclusive effect on the body
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Therapeutic effect
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The desired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular disease state or symptom
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Therapeutic level
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The amount of drug in a patient's blood that which beneficial effects occur
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Therapeutic range
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The optimum dosage providing the best chance for success therapy below this range has little effect on the healing process while overdosing can lead to toxicity and death
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Tolerance
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A decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered
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Trough
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The lowest level of a drug in the blood
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Active immunity
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Protection against disease that occurs as a result of coming into contact with an infectious agent or an inactivated part of such an agent administered by a vaccine
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Adverse drug reaction
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Reaction to a drug that is harmful to the well being of the patient
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Allergic disease
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A disease caused by an allergic reaction
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Allergy
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state of heightened sensitivity as a result of exposure to a particular substance
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Antigen
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The molecule that an antibody recognizes
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Beers list
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A list of drugs for which monitoring is especially important in elderly patients
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Buccal
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To be placed between the cheek and the gums
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Compliance
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A patient's adherence to the dose schedule and other particular requirements of the specified regimen
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E-prescribing
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The process which allows a prescribers computer to talk to the pharmacies computer system and the medication order prescription is transmitted to the pharmacy
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Histamine
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A chemical produced by the body that involves the symptoms of an allergic reaction and is blocked by anti histamine
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Immunization
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The process by which the immune system is stimulated to acquire protection against a specific disease usually achieved by the use of a vaccine
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Inhalation
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Administration of a medication through the respiratory system
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Inscription
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A part of a prescription that identifies name of the drug the dose and the quantities of the ingredients
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Installation
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Administration of a medication drop by drop
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Intradermal
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To be injected into the skin
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Intramuscular
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To be injected into a muscle abbreviated by IM
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Intraspinal
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To be injected into the spinal column
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Intrathecal
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To be injected into the ethical column
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Intravenous
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Administration of a medication through a vein thereby avoiding the first pass effect abbreviated IV
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Local infection
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An infection restricted to or pertaining to one area of the body
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Medication reconciliation
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The providing of a complete and accurate drug profile to each health care provider who cares for a patient
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Morbidity
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Rate of occurrence of a diseased state or condition
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Morality
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Death rate from a particular disease
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Noncompliance
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Failure to adhere to an appropriate drug regimen
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Nonpathologic
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Not related to disease
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Ophthalmic
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to be administered through the eye
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Order
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a prescription issued in an institutional setting
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Otic
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Administered in the ear
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Parenteral
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Administered by injection rather than by way of the alimentary canal
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Passive immunity
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Protection against a disease as the result of receiving antibodies that were formed by another person or animal who developed them in response to being infected with the disease
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Peptide
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A string of amino acid molecules found together usually a fragment of a larger protein molecule
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Peroral
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Alright administration of a medication by mouth in either solid form as a tablet or capsule or liquid form as a solution or syrup often referred to as oral
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Polypharmacy
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The current use of multiple medications
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Prescription
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A direction for medication to be dispensed to a patient written by a physician or a qualified licensed practitioner and filled by a pharmacist referred to as an order when the medication is requested in a hospital setting
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Signa
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Part of a prescription that provide directions to be included on the label for the patient to follow in taking the medication
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Subcutaneous
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To be injected into the tissue just beneath the skin
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Sublingual
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To be placed under the tongue
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Systemic
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Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole
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Titer
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Concentration of an antibody in the bloodstream
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Topical
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Applied to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes
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Vaccine
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A suspension of disease causing organisms or fragments of them administered to induce active immunity to the disease
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Urticaria
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Hives iching sensation
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Volume of distribution
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Mathematical relationship between the blood concentration attained and the amount of drug administered
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Wheals
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Slightly elevated red areas on the body surface
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Zero-order
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Not depending on the concentration of the drug in the body elimination of alcohol is a zero order process in which a constant quantity of the drug is removed per unit of time
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Aerobic
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Needing oxygen to survive
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Aminoglycoside
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A class of antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits commonly used to treat serious infections
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Anaerobic
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Capable of surviving in the absence of oxygen
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Antibiotic
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A chemical substance with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacterial life processes
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Antiseptic
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A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the outside of the body
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Arrhythmia
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Variation in a heartbeat irregular heartbeat
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Bacteria
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Small single celled microorganisms that exist in three main forms spherical ( coco), rod shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla)
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Bactericidal agent
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A drug that is kills bacteria
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Bacteriostatic agent
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A drug that inhibit the growth or multiplication of bacteria
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Broad-spectrum antibiotic
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An antibiotic that is effective against organisms
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Cephalosporin
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A class of antibiotics with a mechanism of action similar to that of penicillin but with a different antibacterial spectrum resistance to beta-lactamase and pharmacokinetics divided into 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th generation agents
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Chelation
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Combination of an organic molecule such as a drug with a metal in complexes in which the metal iron is part of a wrecked
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Community-aquired
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Contracted outside of the hospital
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Cyclic lipopeptide
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A new class of antibiotics at find it bacterial membranes and cause the cell membrane to depolarize best leading to inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis
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Disinfectant
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An agent that freeze inadament objects from infection
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Empirical treatment
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Treatment be gone before a definite diagnosis can be obtained
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Gram staining
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Staining technique that divide bacteria into gram positive purple or gram negative what is red based on the properties of their cell walls
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Hypotension
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Low blood pressure
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Infection
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A condition in which bacteria grow in body tissues and cause tissue damage to the host either by their presence or by toxins they produce
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Ketolide
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A class of antibiotics that block protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits and may also inhibit the formation of new ribosomes used primarily to treat bacterial infections in the lungs and sinuses
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Macrolide
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Macrolide
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A class of Bacteriostatic antibodies that inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes used primarily to treat pulmonary infections caused by Legionella and gram-positive organisms
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Nephrotoxity
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Ability to damage the kidneys
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Nosocomial
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Acquired by patients in the hospital
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Ophthalmic
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To be used in the eye
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Otic
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To be used in the ear
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Ototoxicity
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Ability to damage the organs of hearing
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Penicillin
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A class of antibiotics obtained from Penicillium chrysogenum kill bacteria by preventing them from forming a rigid cell wall thereby allowing an excessive amount of water to enter through osmosis and cause lysis of the bacterium cell
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pH
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A measurement of acidity or alkalinity pH 7 is neutral solution with a pH above 7 is alkaline a solution with a pH below is acidic
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Quinolone
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A class of antibiotics with rapid bactericidal action against most gram-negative and many gram-positive bacteria work by causing DNA breakage and cell death cross the blood brain barrier
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Sepsis
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A systemic inflammatory response to infection resulting from blood borne infection
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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Hey sometimes fatal form of erythema multiforme an allergic reaction marked by red blotches on the skin
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Streptogramin
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One of a class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis within the bacterial ribosomes useful in the treatment of vancomycin and methicillin-resistant infections
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Sulfonamides
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sulfa drugs a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that work by blocking a specific step in the biosynthetic pathway of folic acid in bacteria
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Superinfection
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A new infection complicating the course of therapy of an existing infection
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Tetracyclines
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A class of broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that are produced by soil organisms and inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes
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Aerobic
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Needing oxygen to survive
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Aminoglycoside
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A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits commonly used to treat serious infections
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Anaerobic
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Capable of surviving in absence of oxygen
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Antibiotic
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A chemical substance with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacterial life process
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Antiseptic
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A substance that kills are inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the outside of the body
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Acute viral infection
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An infection that quickly resolved with no latent infection
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Antiretroviral
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A drug that limits the progression of HIV or other retrovirus infections
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Antiviral
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An agent that prevents virus replication in a host cell without interfering with the host's normal function
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Boost
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One drug given to increase the serum concentration of another drug
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Capsid
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A protein shell that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid within a virus particle
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Chemokine coreceptor
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A drug that prevents a strain of HIV from attaching to an immune system cell
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Cholesterol
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A eukaryotic strerol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and is a key constituent of cell membranes
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Chronic viral infection
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an infection that has a protracted course with long periods of remission interspersed with recurrence
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Envelope
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membrane surrounding the capsid in some viruses and carrying proteins that attach to cell surface receptors
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Ergosterol
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A form of lipid found in the cell membrane of fungi where higher animals have cholesterol
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Eukaryotic
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Having a defined nucleus such as an animal or fungal cell
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Flu
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Influenza A common viral infection
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Fungus
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A single cell eukaryotic organism similar to a human cell rather than to bacteria marked by a rigid cell wall the absence of chlorophyll and reproduction by spores
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Fusion inhibitor
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A drug that prevents HIV from entering the immune cells
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Generalized viral infection
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An infection that has spread to other tissues by way of the bloodstream or the central nervous system
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Hepatitis
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Viral inflammation of the liver
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Human immunodeficiency virus HIV
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A retrovirus transmitted in body fluid that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS by attacking T lymphocytes
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Immunocompromised
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Having a deficiency in the immune response system
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Immunoglobulin
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An antibody that reacts to a specific foreign substance or organism and may prevent its agent from attaching to a cell receptor or may destroy the organism
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Interferon
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a substance that exerts virus nonspecific but host specific antiviral activity by inducing gene coding for antiviral proteins that inhibit the synthesis of viral RNA
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Integrase inhibitor
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A drug that prevents DNA produced by the reverse transcriptase of HIV from coming incorporated into the patient's DNA
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Latency
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The ability of a virus to lie dormant and then under certain conditions reproduce and again behave like an infective agent causing cell damage
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Local viral infection
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Is a viral infection affecting tissues of a single system such as the respiratory tract or skin
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Naked virus
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A virus without an envelope covering the capsid
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Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NNRTI
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A drug that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by preventing be inviting working mechanically
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Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTI
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A drug that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by contacting with natural nucleic acid building blocks substrates causing termination of the DNA chain
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Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor NtRTI
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A drug that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by competting with natural you click acid building blocks substrate causing termination of change formation and is more nearly in the form used by the body than an NRTI
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Permeability
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The ability of a material to allow molecules or ions to pass through it
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Post-exposure prophylaxis PEP
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The administration of antiretrovirals after exposure to HIV
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Prodrug
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A compound that on admministration and chemical conversion bimetallic processes becomes an active pharmacological agent
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Prokaryotic
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Not having a defined nucleus like bacteria
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protease inhibitor PI
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a drug that prevents the cleavage of certain HIV protein procures needed for the replication of new infectious virions
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Pulse dosing
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Regime of dosing one week per month commonly used for treating fungal nail infections
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Retrovirus
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A virus that can copy it on a genetic information into the host's DNA
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Reverse transcriptase
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A retroviral enzyme that makes DNA copy from an RNA original
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Slow viral infection
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An infection that maintains a progressive course over months or years with cumulative damage to body tissues ultimately ending in the host F
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Troche
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a small lozenge
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Vaccination
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The introduction of a vaccine a component of an infectious agent into the body to produce immunity to the actual agent
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Virion
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An individual viral particle capable of infecting a living cell consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
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Virus
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A minut infectious agent that does not have all the components of a cell and thus can replicate only within a living cell host
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Addiction
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A compulsive disorder that leads to continued use of a drug despite harm to the user
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afferent system
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The nerves and sense organs that bring information to the CNS part of the peripheral nervous system
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Alpha receptors
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Nerve receptors that control vasoconstriction pupil dilation and relaxation of the GI smooth muscle in response to epinephrine
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Alpha-adrenergic receptors
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Amide
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A compound containing a -CONCH- group; a longer acting local anesthetic that is metabolized by liver enzymes
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analgesic
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a drug that alleviates pain
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Analgesic ladder
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A guideline for selecting pain-relieving medications according to the severity of the pain and whether agents lower on the ladder have been able to control the pain
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Anesthesiologist
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A physician who oversees administration of anaesthesia during surgery
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Antagonists
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Drugs used to reverse the effects of other drugs such as in treatment of benzodiazepines or narcotics overdoses
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anticholinesterase
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A drug that potent 8 the action of acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine down
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Aura
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A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the onset of a migraine headache
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Autonomic nervous system
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the part of the efferent system of the PNS that regulates activities of body structures not under voluntary control
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beta-1 receptors
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Nerve receptors on the heart that control the rate and strength of the heart beat in response to epinephrine
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beta-2 receptors
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Nerve receptors that control vasodilation and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the airways in response to epinephrine
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Central nervous system
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The brain and spinal cord
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Dependence
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A physical and emotional reliance on a drug
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Efferent system
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The nerves that dispatch information out from the CNS part of the peripheral nervous system
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endotracheal intubation
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Insertion of a tube into the trachea to keep it open
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Ester
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A compound containing a COO group is short acting local anesthetic metabolized by pseudocholinesterase of the plasma and tissue fluids
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General anaesthesia
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A condition characterized by the reversible unconsciousness analgesia skeletal muscle relaxation and amnesia on recovery
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Local anaesthesia
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The production of transient and reversible loss of sensation in a defined area of the body
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Maligent hyperthermia
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a rare but serious side effect of anaesthesia associated with an increase in intracellular calcium in a rapid rise in body temperature
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Migraine headache
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a severe throbbing unilateral headache usually accompanied by nausea photophobia phonophobia and hyperesthesia
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Narcotic analgesic
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pain medication containing an opioid
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Neuromuscular blocking
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Skeletal muscle paralysis
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Neuron
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A nerve cell that transmits information
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Neurotransmitter
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A chemical substance that is selectively released from a neuron and stimulates or inhibits activity in the neurons target cell
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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A drug such as an aspirin or ibuprofen that reduces pain and inflammation
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opiate
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A narcotic that is either derive from opean or synthetically produced to resemble opium derivatives chemically
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Opioid
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A substance whether a drug or a chemical naturally produced by the body that acts on opioid receptors to reduce the sensation of pain
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Pain
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The activation of electrical activity in afferent neurons with sensory endings in peripheral tissue with a higher firing threshold than those of temperature or touch a protective signal to warn of damage or presence of disease the fifth vital sign classified as acute chronic nonmalignant and chronic malignant
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Patient-controlled analgesia pump
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A means of pain control whereby the patient can regulate within certain limits the administration of pain medication
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Peripheral nervous system
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The nerves and sense organs outside the CNS
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Somatic nervous system
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The part of the efferent system of the PNS that regulates the skeletal muscles
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Vascular theory
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A theory that proposes that migraine headaches are caused by vasodilation and the concominant mechanical stimulation of sensory nerve endings
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Anorexia
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Loss of appetite for food
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Antipsychotics
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Drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia reduce symptoms of hallucinations delusions in stock disorders also called neuroleptics
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Autism
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A disorder that first appears in childhood characterized by repetitive behavior and impairment in social interaction and communication can be expressed through mood swings irritability tantrums aggression and self injury
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Bipolar disorder
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A condition in which a patient presents with mood swings the alternate between periods of major depression and periods of mild to severe chronic agitation
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Cataplexy
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Short periods of muscle weakness and loss of muscle tone associated with sudden emotions such as joy fear or anger a symptom of narcolepsy
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Delirium tremens
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a condition caused by cessation of alcohol consumption in which coarse; irregular tremors are accompanied by vivid hallucinations
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Depression
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A condition characterized by the feeling that life has no meaning pessimism intense sadness loss of concentration and problems with eating and sleeping
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endogenous anxiety
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Anxiety caused by factors within the organism
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Exogenous anxiety
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Anxiety caused by factors outside the organism
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Extrapyramidal symptoms
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Disorders of muscle movement control caused by blocking dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia
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Ghost
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empty shell of an OREOS tablet excreted in the stool after the drug has dissolved
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Hypnotic
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A drug that induces sleep
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Insomnia
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Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep or not feeling refreshed on awakening
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Mania
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A mood of extreme excitement excessive elation hyperactivity education and increased psychomotor activity
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
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An antidepressant drug that inhibits the activity of the enzymes that break down catecholamines such as norepinephrine and serotonin
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Narcolepsy
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A sleep disorder in which an appropriate attacks of sleep occur during the daytime hours
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Neuroleptics
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See antipsychotics
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical produced by a nerve cell and involved in transmitting information in the body
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Obsessive compulsive disorder
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a mental disorder characterized by recurrent persistent edges to preform repetitive acts such as hand washing
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Sheldon Cooper
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Osmotic controlled release oral delivery system
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A drug delivery system that allows the drug to dissolve through pores in the tablet shell the empty shell called a ghost is passed in the stool
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Panic
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Intense overwhelming and uncontrollable anxiety
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priapism
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Abnormal penile erection
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Posttraumatic stress disorder
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A disorder characterized by a vegetation or persistent recurrent fear after the end of a traumatic event and lasting for over a month or impairing work or relationships
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QT interval
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The time between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles of the heart during a heartbeat as shown on the electrocardiogram
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Seasonal affective disorder
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A form of depression that recurs in the fall and winter and remits in the spring and summer
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Schizophrenia
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A chronic psychotic disorder manifested by retreat from reality delusions hallucinations ambivalence withdrawal and bizarre or regressive behavior
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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An antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin with little effect on norepinephrine and fewer side effects than other antidepressant drugs
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Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
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An antidepressant drug that blocks the reabsorption of both serotonin and norepinephrine increasing the levels of both neurotransmitters
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Serotonin syndrome
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A possibly fatal condition caused by combining antidepressants that increase serotonin levels with other medications that also stimulate serotonin receptors
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Tardive dyskinesia
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Involuntary movements of the mouth lips and tongue
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tricyclic antidepressant
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one class of antidepressant drug developed earlier than the SSRIs and the SNR eyes that also prevent neuron reuptake of norepinphrine and/or serotonin
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unipolar depression
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Major depression with no mania
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Absence seizure
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a type of generalized seizure characterized by a sudden momentary break in consciousness formerly often called petite mal seizure
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Adjunct
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A drug used with another drug
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Alzheimer disease
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A degenerative disorder of the brain that leads to progressive dementia and changes in personality and behavior
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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a degenerative disease of the motor nerves also called Lou Gehrig's disease
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ALS
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Anticonvulsant
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A drug to control seizures
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Ataxia
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Irregular muscle movements
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Atonic seizure
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A type of generalized seizure characterized by sudden loss of both of muscle tone and consciousness
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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a neurological disorder characterized by high productivity impulsivity and distractibility
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ADHD
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Area under the curve
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a measure of drug concentration in the blood
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AUC
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Basal nuclei
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Symmetric subcortical masses of gray matter embedded in the lower portions of the cerebral hemisphere part of the extrapyramidal system also called basal ganglia
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