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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the difference between external respiration and cellular respiration
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External Respiration involves the exchange of gases in the lungs between air breathed in and the blood.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process in the mitochondria where oxygen becomes CO2. Doesn't use the respiratory system and involves diffusion. |
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What are the basic functions of the respiratory system?
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Exchange of gas between the atmosphere and blood.
regulation of pH protective functions vocalization and smell |
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what are the protective functions of the respiratory system?
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provides protection against inhaled pathogens and irritants
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what are the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system?
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houses vocal cords (vocalization)
houses the sense of smell |
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How do the lungs regulate pH?
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by controlling the amount of H+ in the bloodstream through CO2 release control
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Identify (in order) the organs in the respiratory passageway.
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Nose (nasal passages)
Pharynx Larynx Bronchial Tree Alveoli |
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Describe the structure and function of the nasal passageways
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only externally visible part of the system
internal structures warm, humidify, and filter incoming air |
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Describe the pharynx
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this is the common passageway for food, liquids, and air
aka THROAT |
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Describe the structure of the larynx
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aka VOICEBOX
connects pharynx with trachea consists of cartilage and houses vocal cords contains the glottis and epiglottis |
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describe the glottis
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the opening between the vocal cords
allows air into larynx |
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describe the epiglottis
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flap of cartilage that folds over and covers the glottis during swallowing so food and drink are not aspirated into the larynx
the vocal folds also change position during swallowing to cover the glottis |
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Describe the structure of the bronchial tree.
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Trachea
Bronchi Bronchioles Each progressively narrower |
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describe the structure and function of the trachea
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aka WINDPIPE
flexible tube with C-shaped cartilage rings goes from the larynx and divides into two bronchi |
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describe the structure and function of the bronchi
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Right and left primary bronchus each serving the corresponding lung, branches into secondary, tertiary
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describe the structure and function of bronchioles
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subdivisions
smallest collapsible passageways in the respiratory system with walls of smooth muscle |
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describe the location and structure of alveoli
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located in clusters of air sacs (alveolar sacs) at end of respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone)
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describe the function of alveoli
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where the gas exchange happens
contains tons of blood vessels with thin membranes to facilitate diffusion of gases |
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Describe the anatomy of the alveoli as it relates to its function.
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80-90% of the surface area is blood vessels which facilitates gas exchange
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what 3 pressures are important in breathing?
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atmospheric pressure
intra-aveolar pressure or intra-pulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure or intrathoracic pressure |
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define atmospheric pressure and its effect on breathing
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pressure exerted by weight of air in atmosphere on objects on earth's surface
pressure declines with increase in altitude |
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intra-aveolar pressure/intrapulmonary pressure
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pressure in alveoli
air flows down its pressure gradient any time the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure |
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intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure
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lungs are normally in stretched position to fill the thoracic cavity
lungs are always somewhat filled sealed cavities are required (for pressure and proper respiration) |
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define compliance
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how much effort is required to distend the lungs
-- How EASILY they: STRETCH, EXPAND |
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describe low compliance
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the lungs become fibrous, they can't expand as easily
often caused by asbestos exposure |
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define elasticity
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due to elastic protein fibers, ability of lung to return to its original shape
STRETCHINESS Required for expiration Makes the lungs go back to normal |
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explain the significance of surface tension and what role it play in lung mechanics
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it helps the lungs recoil
promotes collapse of lung problems can lead to NRDS (newborn respiratory distress syndrome) |
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describe the function of the surfactant
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secreted by type II alveolar cells
reduces surface tension and decreases the amount of work required to expand the lungs also reduces the lung's tendency to recoil so they don't collapse as easily |
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Describe RDS
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aka Respiratory Distress Syndrome
have trouble inflating lungs some alveoli collapse with each breath |
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describe ARDS
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aka acute respiratory distress syndrome
decreases both compliance and surfactant secretion |
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describe unforced inspiration
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diaphragm contracts
external intercostals contract intra-aveolar pressure drops allowing air to flow into the lungs when a breath is fully inhaled, alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure |
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describe forced inspiration
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more muscles come into play
accessory inspiratory muscles are used neck muscles more forceful contraction |
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describe quiet expiration
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relaxation of muscles results in passive elastic recoil of the lungs
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describe forced expiration
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internal intercostals contract
the body uses muscles to force the air out as fast as possible chronic muscle diseases can make breathing much harder |
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what is boyle's law as it relates to breathing
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when you change the pressure of anything there is an inverse proportion to volume
Volume UP Pressure DOWN at a constant temperature |
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how does boyle's law relate to breathing?
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when your lungs expand the pressure goes down and air is pulled in from the atmosphere to equalize the pressures
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state dalton's law of partial pressures
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the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of the individual gases
the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas |
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what role does the medulla oblongata play in respiration?
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houses the rhythmicity center
this rhythmicity center is called the respiratory control center The RCC controls the speed and rhythm of breathing It takes into account the amount of CO2 and O2 in the bloodstream |
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what is the structure of the medullary respiratory center?
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consists of 2 clusters of respiratory neurons
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what role do the pons and cerebral cortex play in the respiratory system?
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they fine tune breathing but are not essential for ventilation
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what are the two types of chemoreceptors that play an important role in breathing?
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peripheral
and central |
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what role do peripheral chemoreceptors play in respiration?
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found in carotid bodies (carotid arteries in the neck) and the aortic body near the aorta
they respond to large chemical change in the blood these are not sensitive to modest change in the levels and therefore don't play much of a role in normal ongoing regulation of respiration |
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what role do central chemoreceptors play in respiration?
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found in the medulla oblongata
indirectly detect changes in CO2 levels sensitive to changes in CO2-induced hydrogen concentrations in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) |
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what is the primary stimulus for changes in ventilation?
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changes in CO2 levels
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Explain why changes in CO3 and pH of blood rather than O2 content serve as the primary stimuli in control of breathing.
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The body maintains constant levels of O2 in the blood whereas CO2 fluctuations are more common
The amount of CO2 in bicarbonate affects the acid-base balance of the body with the H+ ion |
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list the three forms of CO2 carried in the blood stream
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dissolved CO2 bound to hemoglobin (23-30%)
as bicarbonate ions (60-70%) as gas dissolved in blood (7-10%) |
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How does CO2 affect blood pH?
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CO2 travels through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ion. When the ion breaks apart H+ is released into the blood increasing the acidity and lowering the pH.
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how does hyperventilation affect the acid/base balance of the blood?
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hyperventilation leads to breathing off too much CO2 which leads to an increased basicity of the blood. (respiratory alkalosis)
CO2 is acidic in solution with blood |
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what happens to the blood pH during hypoventilation
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hypoventilation leads to increases CO2 levels in the blood which lead to increased acidity levels
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Explain this reaction: H2O + CO2<>H2CO3<>H+ + HCO-3
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water and CO2 combine to form carbonic acid which separates to form H+ ions and bicarbonate ions.
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explain the effects of high altitudes on the body
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acute mountain sickness -- hypoxia/hypocapnia induced alkalosis
at 18000 feet the atmospheric air pressure is at half of normal... the concentrations are they same but you're getting half as much |
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what is hypoxia
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a condition resulting from a lack of oxygen in the body as a whole or a certain part of the body
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what is hypocapnia
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state of reduced CO2 in blood
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what is hypoxemia
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a lack of adequate oxygen in arterial blood
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what are the effects of deep-sea diving on the body?
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pressure is doubled by 30 feet
under pressure nitrogen dissolves into the blood if you come up to fast N2 can come out of solution in the blood, it can make you really sick or kill you depending on where the bubbles come out (decompression sickness) hyperbaric chamber |
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what is COPD?
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aka Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
any disease characterized by obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in ventilation 3 major types are: Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Lung Cancer |
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describe emphysema
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breakdown of alveolar walls
lungs become fibrotic and less elastic Air passages open regularly for inspiration but tend to collapse and block outflow of air (wheezing). Smoking #1 cause. |
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describe chronic bronchitis
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cilia are immobilized and reduced in number
goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus chronic cough due to lodged mucus and cellular debris, this can also lead to bacterial infections triggered by frequent exposure to smoke, dust, and other allergens |
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describe lung cancer
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most common and deadliest form of cancer
caused by smoking |
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describe asthma
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allergens, cold air, etc. trigger release of histamines and lead to intense bronchoconstriction
thought to have something to do with germophobia |
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describe pneumonia
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caused by several bacteria/viruses/fungi.
causes hypoxemia alveoli fill with fluids and the membranes thicken with edema interfering with gas exchange |
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describe tuberculosis
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bacteria enters the lungs by way of air, blood, and lymph.
lungs filled with fibrous nodules (tubercles) around the bacteria compromises elastic recoil of the lungs |
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what is apnea
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transient interruption of ventilation (interruption in normal breathing pattern)
may stop breathing from a few seconds to 2 minutes 100s of times per night ranges from mild to severe |
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what is SIDS?
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aka Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
aka Crib/Cot Death this is a form of sleep apnea possibly due to immature brain forgetting to breath if the baby is exposed to smoke, they are three times (300%) more likely to die of SIDS |
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what is SIDS?
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aka Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
aka Crib/Cot Death this is a form of sleep apnea possibly due to immature brain forgetting to breath if the baby is exposed to smoke, they are three times (300%) more likely to die of SIDS |
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what are the basic processes of the digestive system?
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Motility
Secretion Digestion Absorption Storage and Elimination (excretion) |
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describe motility in the digestive system
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includes taking in food, chewing it, mixing it with saliva, and swallowing
involves peristalsis |
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what is peristalsis?
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movement of material down the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
done by smooth muscles |
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describe secretion as it pertains to digestion
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secretion by cells in the epithelium
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what is the epithelium?
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lining of organs
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what are the 2 types of digestion?
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mechanical
chemical |
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describe mechanical digestion
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breaking food into smaller units
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describe chemical digestion
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biochemical breakdown of foods into smaller absorbable units
done by enzymes produced WITHIN the digestive system |
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describe absorption as it pertains to digestion
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transfer of substances from the lumen (space) inside the digestive tract into the blood
most nutrient absorption occurs inside the small intestine |
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describe storage and elimination in the digestive system
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elimination aka excretion
temporary storage and elimination of indigestible food |
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what organs make up the alimentary canal?
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Mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus
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what are accessory organs?
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salivary glands
teeth and tongue liver pancreas gallbladder |
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what organs does the food travel through after it enters the mouth (in order)
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Mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus
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what is the bolus
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food + saliva (ball of food)
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describe saliva
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mostly water
also contains: salivary amylase mucus lysosomes |
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what is the function of salivary amylase
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begins digestion of carbohydrates
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what is the function of mucus in saliva?
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lubricates
acts as a solvent for tastants |
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what is the function of lysosomes in saliva?
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destroy bacteria
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what controls salivation
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the salivary center in the medulla
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what is mastication?
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chewing
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what is the function of the esophagus?
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aka "food tube"
uses peristalsis to transfer food to the stomach no absorption or digestion secretes mucus for protection |
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what is deglutition?
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the act of swallowing
beings voluntarily |
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what 2 structures are connected by the esphagus?
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pharynx
and stomach |
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what is the general function of the stomach?
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storage, digestion, protection, secretes intrinsic factor
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what makes up chyme?
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bolus and gastric juices
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what is mucosa?
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the inner-most lining of the GI tract (the part that contacts the food)
found in the small intestines empties into lymph vessels has folds the area right next to the lumen/gap/tunnel |
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what role does the ANS play in regulation of the GI tract?
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it stimulates motility and certain digestive secretions
vagus nerve |
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what does the vagus nerve do?
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main source of parasympathetic activity
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what are the two types of ANS repsonse?
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parasympathetic: you're sitting there digesting
sympathetic: reduction in digestion to divert blood elsewhere |
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what role does the ENS play in digestion?
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it is "the brain of the gut"
complex neural network within the wall of the gut (not part of ANS) local (intrinsic) regulation -- can make decisions independtly of the CNS |
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what does intrinsic mean?
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local regulation
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describe a short reflex mechanism
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controlled by enteric plexus within GI tract and carries out by neurons in wall of the gut
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describe a long reflex mechanism
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those integrated in the CNS (may originate with sensory receptors in the GI tract or may originate outside GI tract)
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