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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Five Steps of Scientific Method
Curiosity, Hypothesis, Test, Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions, Report Results
Cross-Sequential Research
A hybrid research design in which researchers 1st study several groups of people of different ages and follow them for years. (Cohort-Sequential research or time-sequential research).
Cross-Sectional Research
research design that compares groups of people who differ in age, but are similar in other important characteristics
Independent Variable
In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
Dependent Variable
In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds
Differential Sensitivity
the idea that some people are more vulnerable than others to certain experiences, usually because of genetic differences
5 characteristics of development
multidirectional, multidisciplinary, multicontextual, multicultural, plasticity
developmental theory
a group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations, that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth. a developmental theory provides a framework for explaining patterns and problems of development
dynamic systems
a view of human development as ongoing, ever-changing interaction btwn the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences -the crucial understanding is that development is never static, but is always affected by, and affects many systems of development
epigenetic
Referring to the effects of environmental forces on an individual's, or a species, inheritance
social construction
an idea that is based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality -many terms like yuppie are social constructions
Culture
system of shared beliefs , norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time, and prescribe social behavior and assumptions
ecological systems approach
view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life ( renamed bioecological approach)
life span perspective
an approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood
age ranges for different stages of development: infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adult, adult, late adult
infancy 0-2, early childhood 2-6, middle childhood 6 -11, adolescence 11 -18, emerging adulthood 18-25, adult 25 -65 late adult 65+
science of human development
seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time
scientific method
way to answer questions that require empirical research and data based conclusions
norm
average or standard measurement calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group

easy way to put it: an average or usual event. or experience
psychoanalytic theory
a grand theory that irrational, unconscious drives and motives often coming from,childhood underlie human behavior

easy way to put it: Freud thought inner drives, deep motives, and unconscious needs from childhood influence our daily lives
Freud's psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stage
erikson's psychosocial stages
birth to 1, trust vs. mistrust
1 to 3, autonomy vs shame and doubt (children become self sufficient or doubt themselves)
3 to 6, initiative vs guilt (kids try to do adult things or internalize limits set by parents-they feel adventurous or guilty)
6 to 11, industry vs inferiority (kids learn new skills or feel inferior)
adolescence, identity vs role confusion, they ask who am I? they establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities OR are confused about their roles
adulthood, intimacy vs isolation, young adults seek love or become isolated fearing rejection, ALSO GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION, middle aged adults contribute to future generations through work, creative activities, and parenthood, OR BECOME STAGNANT, integrity vs despair, older adults try to make sense of their lives, they either see life as meaningful or despair over unreached goals
Freud's oral stage
birth to one year, lips, tongue and gums are pleasurable to baby, sucking and feeding are most stimulating activities
Freud's anal stage
1 to 3 years, anus is focus of pleasurable sensations in baby, toilet training is most important activity
Freud's phallic stage
3 to 6 years, penis (phallus) is most important body part, pleasure is derived from genital stimulation, boys are proud of penis, girls wonder why they don't have them
Freud latency stage
6 to 11 years, not really a stage, latency is an interlude, sexual needs are quiet, psychic energy flows into sports, schooland friends
Freud genital stage
adolescence, genitals are focus of pleasure, young person seeks sexual pleasure in heterosexual relationships
Freud stage for adults
he believed genital stage lasts throughout adulthood and the goal to healthy life is to love and to work
how do Erickson's stages differ from Freud's?
Erickson emphasized family and culture, not sexual urges. Erickson recognizes adult development with three stages after adolescence
behaviorism
a grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior...also called learning theory
conditioning
According to behaviorism, the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place...the word condition refers to the need to repeatedly practice like an athlete in training
classical conditioning
the learning process in which meaningful stimulus like the smell of food to hungry animal is connected with a neutral stimulus lime the sound of a tone , that had special meaning before conditioning

in other words: a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral one the same way as to the meaningful one

example: in pavlov's dog experiment the dog associated the tone (neutral stimulus) with food (meaningful) and eventually responded to the tone as if it were food
operant conditioning
the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired which makes the person or animal more likely to do it again, or by something Unwanted which makes the action less likely to be repeated

rewards and punishments
social learning theory
an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior ...even without reinforcement, people learn through observation and imitation
what are the 3 types of learning?
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning (modeling behavior)
cognitive theory
a grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time ...our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
cognitive equilibrium
in cognitive theory, a state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas
what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
assimilation is the reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into old ideas...accommodation is the reconstructing of old ideas to include new experiences

piaget's sensorimotor period
birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world ...learning is active, without reflection

major gain during period: object permenance
Piaget preoperational period
2 to 6, children think symbolically, with language, but are egocentric, seeing things from their own perspective

major gain during period: imagination flourishes, language becomes a significant means of self-expression and social influence
piaget concrete operational
6 to 11, children understand and apply logic ...thinking is limited by direct experience

major gains: by applying logic, kids grasp concepts of conservtion, number classification, and many scientific ideas
piaget formal operational
12 through adult, adolescents and adults use abstract and hypothetical concepts ...they can use analysis, not only emotion

major gain: ethics, politics, social and moral issues become fascinating as adults, and adults use abstract theoretical reasoning
information processing theory
a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory imput, connections, stored memories, and output
sociocultural theory
a newer theory that holds development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces
apprenticeship in thinking
Vgotsky's term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society
guided participation
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
humanism
a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background (Maslow)
maslows hierarchy of needs
1. Physiological food, drink, shelter,
2. safe and secure
3. love and belonging
4. esteem
5. self actuization
selective adaptation
the process by which living creatures adjust to their environment ...genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected over the generations to become more prevalent
eclectic perspective
the approach taken by most developmentalists in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one story
5 perspectives on human development
psychoanalytic theory. behaviorism,cognitive theory, sociocultural theory, universal perspective
gamete
a reproductive cell, a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it comes in combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote
zygote
the single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
the chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins
chromosome
one of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 Paris) that virtually each cell of the human body contains, and that together, contain all the genes ...other species have more or fewer chromosomes
gene
a small section of a chromosome ...the basic unit for the transmission of heredity ...a gene consists of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins
allele
a variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics ...many genes never vary, others have several possible alleles
genome
the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species
genotype
an organisms entire genetic inheritance , or genetic potential
homozygous
referring to 2 genes of 1 pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code ...most gene pairs are homozygous
23rd pair
the chromosome pair that in humans determines sex ...the other 22 pairs are autosomes, inherited equally by males and females
XX
a 23rd chromosome pair that consists of 2 X shaped chromosomes ...one from mom, one from dad ..XXBecomes female
XY
a 23rd chromosome pair ...XY becomes male
stem cells
cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form
monozygotic twins
twins who Come from one egg that splits apart very early in development ...identical twins ...triplets and quadruplets can also occur
dizygotic twins
twins who are formed when 2 separate ova are fertilized by 2 separate sperm at roughly the same time ...fraternal
assisted reproductive technology ART
a generAL term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and sustain a prrgnancy
in vitro fertization IVF
fertilization takes place outside the woman's body as in a glass in a lab dish ...