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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The genetic material of a cell |
genome |
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the complex of DNA and associated proteins |
Chromatin |
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structures that package DNA molecules |
chromosomes |
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reproductive cells (sex cells) |
gametes |
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only cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells |
somatic cells |
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the region where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid |
centromere |
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division of the nucleus (Divides DNA) |
mitosis |
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division of the cytoplasm |
cytokinesis |
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What is this? -made up of microtubules -controls chromosome movement during mitosis |
mitotic spindle |
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what includes both cytokinesis and mitosis? |
Mitotic (M) Phase |
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five stages of mitosis? |
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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what happens during binary fission in bacteria? |
the chromosome replicates + the daughter chromosomes move apart |
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Why would a cell enter G0 phase? |
if it does not receive a go-ahead signal |
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noncancerous growths in the body |
benign tumor(s) |
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a cancerous growth |
malignant |
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the process that causes cells to behave like cancer cells |
transformation |
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The spread of cancer cells to locations distance from their original site |
Metastasis |
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how do animal cells carry out cytokinesis? |
cleavage |
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how to plant cells carry out cytokinesis? |
they form a cell plate |
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interphase consists of what phases? |
G1, S, G2 |
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phase where DNA is replicated |
S phase |
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phase in which organelles are replenished |
G1 |
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phase in which the cell prepares for division |
G2 |
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What happens in prophase? |
1) DNA condenses 2) Nucleolus disappears 3) Mitotic spindle is formed 4) Nuclear envelope disappears |
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-two centrosomes are formed -chromosomes CANNOT be seen -the nucleus contains one or more nucleoli |
G2 of interphase |
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-chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled + condense into discreet chromosomes -nucleoli disappear -the mitotic spindle begins to form -centrosomes move away from each other |
Prophase |
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-nuclear envelope breaks -chromosomes become more condensed -some microtubules attach to the kinetochore |
Prometaphase |
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-centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell -chromosomes arrive at metaphase plate |
Metaphase |
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-shortest stage of mitosis -begins when proteins are split -cell elongates as daughter chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell -by the end, two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes |
Anaphase |
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-two daughter nuclei form in the cell -nucleoli reappear -chromosomes become less condensed -any remaining spindle microtubules are now converted into monomers |
Telophase |
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What does cytokinesis in animal cells involve? |
formation of cleavage furrow (pinches the cell in two) |
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a protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide |
Growth Factor |
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The effect of an external physical factor on cell division |
Density-dependent inhibition |
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the need for cells to be adhered to or in contact with another layer of cells |
anchorage dependence |
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coded information in the form of hereditary units |
genes |
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a genes specific location along the length of a chromosome |
locus |
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when a single parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis |
asexual reproduction |
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any cell with two chromosome sets |
diploid |
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any cell with a single set of chromosomes |
haploid |
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chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
autosomes |
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what do ovaries and testes produce by meiosis? |
haploid gametes |
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type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication |
meiosis |
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what does meiosis result in? |
cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
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2n |
diploid |
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fertilized egg |
zygote |
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egg and sperm unite |
fertilization |
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what doe meiosis I and meiosis II produce |
four haploid daughter cells |
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each homologus pair undergoes a crossing over btwn nonsister chromatids |
Prophase I |
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Chromosomes line up as homologus pairs on the metaphase plate |
Metaphase I |
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Homologs separate from each other + sister chromatids remain joined |
anaphase I |
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What does Meiosis II do? |
Separates the sister chromatids |
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what does sister chromatid crossing over allow? |
holds homologous genes together until anaphase I |
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what contributes to genetic variation in a population? |
-independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis I -crossing over during meiosis I -random fertilization of egg cells by sperm |
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a term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes |
genetic variation |
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genes have alternative forms, or alleles |
the law of segregation (Mendell's 1st law) |
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alternative version of a gene (i.e. purple flowers vs white flowers) |
alleles |
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each allele thats in a pair of a alleles will _____? |
separate into different gametes |
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the genetic makeup of an organism |
genotype |
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the appearance or observable traits of an organism |
phenotype |
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an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character |
homozygous |
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each pair of alleles separate independently from other pairs |
law of independent assortment (Mendell's second law) |
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a genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype -phenotype = genotype |
incomplete dominance |
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a relationship between genes where an allele of one gene hides the phenotype of another gene |
epistasis |
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what is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross? |
9:3:3:1 |
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allele that determines the organisms appearance |
dominant allele |
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allele that has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance |
recessive allele |
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an organism that has two different alleles for a gene |
heterozygous |
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What does not occur during mitosis? |
replication of DNA |
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Alternation of generations: what is the reproductive process of plants and algae? |
-the multicellular diploid stage = sporophyte -the multicellular haploid stage = gametophyte |
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cells that only have centrosomes |
plant cells |
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cells that have centrosomes and centrioles |
animal cells |
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a spindle apparatus forms |
prophase II |
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-chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate -the sister chromatids are not genetically identical |
metaphase II |
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sister chromatids are held together at the centromere to allow chromatids to separate |
anaphase II |
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-nuclei form -chromosomes condense -cytokinesis occurs -division produces four daughter cells, each w/ a haploid set of unduplicated chromosomes --> daughter cells are genetically distinct and form parent cells |
telophase II and cytokinesis |
