Chapters 10 And 14 Motivation And Stress

Front 1

Cognitive Factors

Back 1

Personal mindset, personal expectations, thoughts and beliefs about oneself

Front 2

Emotional Factors

Back 2

happiness, fear, love, anger, success, accomplishment

Front 3

Primary Drives

Back 3

needed for survival (food, love, sex)

Front 4

Secondary Drives

Back 4

learned drives that represent biological needs (money, praise)

Front 5

Drive (Reduction) Theory

Back 5

we are motivated to stay in homeostasis and control biological factors

Front 6

Incentive Theory

Back 6

we are motivated by external goals

Front 7

Evolutionary Theory

Back 7

based on natural selection and reproductive capacity (mate selection)

Front 8

Instinct Theory

Back 8

automatic involuntary and unlearned behaviors

Front 9

Arousal Theory

Back 9

people are motivated to maintain their optimal level of arousal

Front 10

Lateral Hypothalamus

Back 10

feeding center "ON" switch

Front 11

Ventromedial Hypothalamus/Nucleus

Back 11

Satiety center, "OFF" switch

Front 12

Satiety

Back 12

feeling of fullness

Front 13

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

Back 13

controls the selection of specific foods and blood sugar levels

Front 14

Glucose

Back 14

low levels cause irritability, shakiness, and hunger

Front 15

Insulin

Back 15

secreted by the pancreas, reduces appetite

Front 16

Ghrelin

Back 16

released by empty stomach, promotes feelings of hunger

Front 17

CCK

Back 17

delivers satiety signals to the brain, resulting in decreased hunger

Front 18

Leptin

Back 18

Produced by fat cells, controls the long term regulation of hunger, high=fat storage and less hunger

Front 19

Palatability

Back 19

the better the food tastes, the more you eat

Front 20

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Back 20

kilograms/meters squared

Front 21

sensitivity to external cues

Back 21

obese people are extrasensitive to external clues that effect hunger and not very sensitive to internal physiological hunger cues

Front 22

Set Point Theory

Back 22

natural point in stability for body weight

Front 23

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 23

desire to attain internal satisfaction

Front 24

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 24

desire to attain external rewards

Front 25

Appraisal

Back 25

person's interpretation of a situation

Front 26

Affective Forecasting

Back 26

effort to predict one's emotional reactions to future events

Front 27

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 27

sympathetic - the reaction

parasympathetic - calms back down

Front 28

Limbic System

Back 28

center for emotion, contains the amygdala

Front 29

Prefrontal Cortex

Back 29

voluntary controls of emotion and understanding emotions

Front 30

Mirror Neurons

Back 30

play a role in empathy

Front 31

Right Hemisphere

Back 31

the more emotional side of the brain

Front 32

Pyramidal Motor System

Back 32

voluntary muscle movement (fake smile)

Front 33

Extrapyramidal Motor System

Back 33

involuntary muscle movement (genuine smile)

Front 34

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Back 34

facial muscles send signals to the brain in order to recognize what emotion one is feeling

Front 35

Social Referencing

Back 35

looking to others to guide emotional reactions

Front 36

James-Lange Theory

Back 36

the experience of emotion depends on your emotional responses, different patterns of activation are seen as different emotions by the brain

stimulus -> physical response ->emotion

Front 37

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 37

emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals SIMULTANEOUSLY to the cortex and ANS

stimulus -> brain(cortex) ->emotion and physical response (at the same time)

Front 38

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

Schachter-Singer Theory

Back 38

emotion depends on the interpretation of physical responses

Front 39

Eustress

Back 39

good stress

Front 40

Primary Appraisal

Back 40

Does it impact me? How much so?

Front 41

Secondary Appraisal

Back 41

How am I going to deal with it?

Front 42

Acute Stressors

Back 42

short in duration, have a clear endpoint

Front 43

Chronic Stressors

Back 43

long term with no clear end in sight

Front 44

Approach-Approach

Back 44

a choice must be made between two desirable options

Front 45

Avoidance-Avoidance

Back 45

a choice must be made between two undesirable options

Front 46

Approach-Avoidance

Back 46

a decision must be made whether or not to pursue a single goal that has attractive and unattractive qualities

Front 47

Multiple Approach-Avoidance

Back 47

a choice must be made between two or more options with each having pros and cons

Front 48

Life Change Unit

Back 48

the value of the stressor

Front 49

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Back 49

stress score = sum of LCU's (whose values are predetermined)... high LCU = high stress

Front 50

Life Experiences Survey

Back 50

adds the opportunity to give personal value to LCU's and the ability to add additional stressors to the list

Front 51

Effects of Emotional Arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 51

looks at the relationship between emotional reaction to a stressor and the ability to cope with the stress, amount of arousal needed/beneficial (depends on task)

Front 52

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Hans Selye)

Back 52

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Front 53

Phase 1: Alarm Reaction

Back 53

short lived, fight or flight, sympathetic system working hard

Front 54

Phase 2: Resistance

Back 54

provides energy to fight the stressor

Front 55

Phase 3: Exhaustion

Back 55

depletion of energy, more likely to get sick

Front 56

Brain-Body Pathways

Back 56

controlled by hypothalamus and endocrine system

Front 57

Catecholamines

Back 57

part of ANS response

Front 58

Corticosteroids

Back 58

part of the endocrine system, help protect your body from stress

Front 59

Ruminative Thinking

Back 59

continual interruption of thoughts, can't get the stressor out of your head

Front 60

Catastrophizing

Back 60

over-exaggerate the potential consequences of a stressor

Front 61

Burnout

Back 61

physical and emotional exhaustion caused by chronic stress

Front 62

Resilience

Back 62

to bounce back from difficulties successfully

Front 63

Type A Personality

Back 63

experience more stress, prone to stress related health problems, strong, competitive, ambitious, perfectionist, time-consciouss

Front 64

Type B Personality

Back 64

still value success just not as observably, they go about getting it differently, relaxed, patient, easygoing

Front 65

Leukocytes

Back 65

white blood cells, defend the body against disease and foreign material, elevated when you are sick

Front 66

B-Cells

Back 66

formed in the bone marrow, mark foreign and initiate inactivation

Front 67

T-Cells

Back 67

formed in the thymus, produce antibodies that destroy marked cells

Front 68

Natural Killer Cells

Back 68

antitumor and anti-viral, act on their own to both mark and kill cells

Front 69

Macrophages

Back 69

engulf and digest foreign material (process called phagocytosis) the clean up crew / pacman

Front 70

Problem-Focused Coping

Back 70

dealing with the stressor at its source

Front 71

Emotion-Focused Coping

Back 71

focus on the response (keep your mind off of it)

Front 72

Cognitive Restructuring

Back 72

you will experience less stress if you change your interpretation of the stressor

Front 73

Emotional Coping Strategies

Back 73

gaining social support

Front 74

Behavioral Coping Strategies

Back 74

changing one's behavior to minimize the negative effects of the stressor

Front 75

Physical Coping Strategies

Back 75

exercise, meditation, progressive relaxation, medicine