Chapters 1- 3 Test

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

The Study of living things

Front 2

Properties of Life

Back 2

• Cellular Organization
• Order
• Sensitivity
• Growth & Reproduction
• Energy Utilization
• Adaptation
• Homeostasis

Front 3

Scientific Method

Back 3

1. Ask a Question
2. Form a Hypothesis
3. Design Experiments to Test Hypothesis
4. Conclusions

Front 4

Theory

Back 4

Hypothesis or set of hypotheses, supported by a great deal of evidence, but may be revised as new evidence becomes available

Front 5

Law

Back 5

Theory supported by so much evidence it is almost irrefutable

Front 6

Evolution

Back 6

A gradual change in a species over time

Front 7

Natural Selection

Back 7

Nature selects for survival those organisms that are most suited for their environment

(Natural Selection is a mechanism for Evolution)

Front 8

Classification Scheme For Living Things

(Taxonomy)

Back 8

1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

Front 9

Prokaryotic

(simple cells)

Back 9

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista (complex single-cell)

Front 10

Eukaryotic

(complex cells)

Back 10

• Plantae (producers)
• Fungi (decomposers)
• Animalia (consumers)

Front 11

Matter

Back 11

Anything that has mass & occupies space

Front 12

Mass

Back 12

The amount of matter something contains

Front 13

Element

Back 13

a pure substance that can not be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Front 14

Molecule

Back 14

2 or more atoms joined by a chemical bond

Front 15

Compound

Back 15

Substance whose molecules contain atoms of more than one element

Front 16

Atom

Back 16

smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element

Front 17

Atomic Number

Back 17

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Defines the element.

Front 18

Mass Number

Back 18

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Front 19

Isotopes

Back 19

Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons

Front 20

Radioactive Isotopes

Back 20

isotope with an unstable nucleus, the nucleus decays at a characteristic rate

Front 21

Half-Life (T1/2)

Back 21

The time it takes for 50% of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

Front 22

Chemical Properties of an atom depend only on its outer (valence) electrons

Back 22

this is why different isotopes of the same element act the same - they only differ in their nuclei

Front 23

Chemical Bond

Back 23

Union between the electron structures of atoms

Front 24

Electrons orbit at different energy levels

Back 24

• Electrons nearest the nucleus have the lowest energy
• the first energy level can hold 2 electrons
• the next few can hold 8
• atoms interact in such a way as to have complete outer energy shellS

Front 25

What are the 3 Chemical Bonds?

Back 25

1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Hydrogen

Front 26

Ionic Bond

Back 26

Formed when 2 atoms of opposite charges attract

Front 27

Covalent Bond

Back 27

Formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

• They can be shared equally (nonpolar compound)
• They can be shared unequally (polar compound)

Front 28

Hydrogen Bond

Back 28

The weak attraction between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another.

• Weak and transient, but cumulative effects are extremely important

Front 29

Electronegativity

Back 29

attraction of an atom for the shared electrons of a covalent bond

Front 30

Water

Back 30

A polar compound

Front 31

Ions and polar compounds are?

Back 31

Hyrophilic

Front 32

Non-Polar compounds are?

Back 32

Hydrophobic

Front 33

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for all the biologically important properties of water.

Back 33

dont forget it

Front 34

Water clings to....

Back 34

Other polar molecules

Front 35

Cohesion

Back 35

Water molecules form H bonds with other water molecules

Front 36

Adhesion

Back 36

Water molecules form H bonds with other polar molecules

Front 37

Water stores heat and...

Back 37

Modifies temperature

Front 38

Water is a good solvent for...

Back 38

For hydrophilic (polar and charged) substances

Front 39

Water organizes...

Back 39

Hydrophobic (non-polar) molecules

Front 40

Water ionizes

Back 40

basis for the pH scale. Neutral pH = 7.0

Front 41

Acid

Back 41

any substance that add hydrogen ions to solution (pH less than 7.0)

Front 42

Base

Back 42

any substance that increases the hydroxide ions in solution (pH greater than 7.0)

Front 43

pH

Back 43

measures the concentration of free hydrogen ions in solution

Front 44

Carbon has _____ valance electrons

Back 44

4

Front 45

Carbon can form ____ covalent bonds

Back 45

4

Front 46

What does carbon form?

Back 46

the skeletons of all biological life

Front 47

Functional Groups

Back 47

specific groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton that are most often involved in chemical reactions.

Front 48

Back 48

hydroxyl

Front 49

Back 49

carbonyl

Front 50

Back 50

carboxyl

Front 51

Back 51

amino

Front 52

Back 52

Sulfhydryl

Front 53

Back 53

Phosphate

Front 54

Back 54

Methyl

Front 55

What are the 4 classes of biological molecules?

Back 55

• Proteins
• nucleic acids
• lipids
• carbohydrates

Front 56

Polymer

Back 56

large molecule made of many identical or similar subunits

Front 57

Monomer

Back 57

subunit

Front 58

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 58

synthesis of a polymer from monomers, loss of one water molecule per each bond formed

Front 59

Hydrolysis

Back 59

process of breaking down a polymer, one molecule of water added per bond broken

Front 60

Proteins

Back 60

polymers of amino acids, several levels of structure

Front 61

Primary Structure

Back 61

the linear sequence of amino acids linked by covalent peptide bonds (polypeptide chain)

Front 62

Secondary Structure

Back 62

localized regions of coiling or pleating; caused by H bonds

Front 63

Teriary Structure

Back 63

further folding of polypeptide subunits in proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain

Front 64

Quaternary Structure

Back 64

association of polypeptide subunits in proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain.

Front 65

Nucleic Acids

Back 65

DNA & RNA, and their building blocks (necleotides)

Front 66

Lipids

Back 66

many types, all hydrophobic (non-polar) to some degree

Front 67

Phospholipids

Back 67

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids + phosphate group. main component of cell membranes

Front 68

Triglyerides

Back 68

glycerol + 3 fatty acids, most abundant type of biological lipid (oils & fats)

Front 69

Terpens

Back 69

part of many biological pigments

Front 70

Steroids

Back 70

4 fused C-rings (ex. cholesterol, sex hormones, etc.)

Front 71

waxes

Back 71

the most hydrophobic lipid

Front 72

prostaglandins

Back 72

chemical messengers

Front 73

Carbohydrates

Back 73

simple sugars & their polymers

Front 74

Monosaccharides

Back 74

simple sugars, usually 5-6 carbons (ex. glucose)

Front 75

Disaccharides

Back 75

shortest polymers, 2 covalently bound monosaccharides

Front 76

Polysaccharides

Back 76

large polymers : starch(glucose storage in plants), glycongen ( glucose storage in animals), cellulose (plant cell wall), chitin (fungal cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons)

Front 77

What are the 6 lipids

Back 77

• Phospholipids
• triglyerides
• terpenes
• steroids
• waxes
• prostaglandins

Front 78

What are the the 3 Carbohydrates?

Back 78

• monosaccharides
• disaccharides
• polysaccharides