Chapters 1, 2.1, & 2.3) Vocab.

Front 1

human-made objects, such as tools and jewelry.

Back 1

artifact

Front 2

a people's unique way of life.

Back 2

culture

Front 3

human or other creatures that walk upright, such as austrolipithicines.

Back 3

hominid

Front 4

lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C., people made use of crude stone tools and weapons (Old Stone Age).

Back 4

Paleolithic Age

Front 5

began about 8000 B.C. and in some areas ended as early as 3000 B.C., people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals. (New Stone Age).

Back 5

Neolithic Age

Front 6

ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet one's needs.

Back 6

technology

Front 7

the species name for modern humans (wise men).

Back 7

Homo Sapiens

Front 8

highly mobile person who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food.

Back 8

nomad

Front 9

nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

Back 9

hunter-gatherers

Front 10

the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming (Agricultural)

Back 10

Neolithic Revolution.

Front 11

farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which fertilize the soil.

Back 11

slash-and-burn farming

Front 12

the taming of animals for human use.

Back 12

domestication

Front 13

culture characterized by advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and improved technology.

Back 13

civilization

Front 14

development of skills in a specific kind of work.

Back 14

specialization

Front 15

skilled workers who make goods by hand.

Back 15

artisans

Front 16

long-lasting pattern of organization in a community.

Back 16

institution

Front 17

professional record keepers.

Back 17

scribes

Front 18

first system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols.

Back 18

cuneiform

Front 19

when people began using bronze, rather than copper and stone, to fashion tools and weapons.

Back 19

Bronze Age

Front 20

way of trading goods and services without money.

Back 20

barter

Front 21

massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped monument at a Sumerian temple (means "mountain of god").

Back 21

ziggurat

Front 22

arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia.

Back 22

Fertile Crescent

Front 23

plain in the fertile crescent (land between rivers).

Back 23

Mesopotamia

Front 24

a city and the surrounding land it controls functioning as an independent country.

Back 24

city-state

Front 25

a series of rulers from a single family.

Back 25

dynasty

Front 26

spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.

Back 26

cultural diffusion

Front 27

belief in many gods.

Back 27

polytheism

Front 28

political unit where a number of people or countries are controlled by a single ruler.

Back 28

empire

Front 29

ruled from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C., created Code of Laws.

Back 29

Hammurabi

Front 30

broad, marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river.

Back 30

delta

Front 31

King who united Upper and Lower Egypt.

Back 31

King Menes; Narmer

Front 32

Egyptian god-king, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Back 32

pharaoh

Front 33

type of government in which rule is based on religious authority.

Back 33

theocracy

Front 34

immense structure which was a burial place for Old Kingdom pharaohs.

Back 34

pyramid

Front 35

process of embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying.

Back 35

mummification

Front 36

writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds.

Back 36

hieroglyphics

Front 37

reed grown in the Nile delta used to make paper-like material for writing on.

Back 37

papyrus