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67 Cards in this Set
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Plasma |
90 percent water = liquid portion of blood • Transports cellular elements of blood throughout circulatory system – Remaining portion = solutes • Electrolytes, proteins, fats, glucose, bilirubin, and gases • Most abundant solutes are plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen |
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Solid components |
Formed elements = cells + cell fragments • Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
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Albumins |
– Constitute about 60 percent of the plasma proteins – Help maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure – Help maintain balance between fluid in the blood and fluid in the interstitial tissues |
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Globulins |
Constitute approximately 36 percent of plasma proteins – Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids (fats) and fat-soluble vitamins in blood – Gamma globulins are antibodies and function in immunity |
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Fibrinogen |
– Constitutes approximately 4 percent of plasma proteins – Largest of plasma proteins – Essential for coagulation |
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Erythrocytes |
– Known as red blood cells (RBC)• Tny biconcave-shaped disks• Most numerous of formed elements• Normal range (adult male) = 4.5–6 million/mm³ of blood• Mature RBC is anucleate– Average life span = approximately 120 days– Main component = hemoglobin– Primary function = transport oxygen to cells of body |
Blood cells |
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Leukocyte |
– Known as white blood cells (WBC) • Larger than erythrocytes, but fewer in number • Mature WBC has a nucleus; does not have hemoglobin – Two categories = granulocytes + agranulocytes • Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm • Agranulocytes have no granules in their cytoplasm • Five different types of leukocytes within the categories |
Blood cell |
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Neutrophils |
– Constitute approximately 60 to 70 percent of all WBCs – Have multi lobed nuclei – Phagocytic in nature – Do not absorb acid or base dye well • Remain fairly neutral color |
Granulocytes |
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Eosinophils |
– Constitute approximately 2 to 4 percent of all WBCs – Have a nucleus with two lobes – Increase in number in response to allergic reactions – Stain a red, rosy color with an acid dye |
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Basophils |
– Constitute less than 1 percent of all WBCs – Have a nucleus with two lobes – Secrete histamine during allergic reactions – Secrete heparin, a natural anticoagulant |
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Monocytes |
– Constitute approximately 3 to 8 percent of all WBCs – Largest of all white blood cells – Have a kidney-bean-shaped nucleus – Phagocytic in nature |
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Lymphocytes |
– Constitute approximately 20 to 25 percent of all WBCs – Have a large spherical-shaped nucleus – Play an important role in immune process – Some lymphocytes are phagocytic – Other lymphocytes produce antibodies |
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Thrombocytes |
– Also known as platelets – Small, disc-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryocytes – Contain no hemoglobin – Essential for coagulation |
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Blood Type A |
– Has A-antigen present on RBC – Has anti-B antibody present in plasma |
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Blood Type B |
– Has B-antigen present on RBC – Has anti-A antibody present in plasma |
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Blood Type AB |
– Has AB-antigens present on RBC – Has no antibodies present in plasma |
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Blood Type O |
– Has no antigens present on RBC – Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in plasma |
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Viscosity |
Refers to the thickness of a fluid as compared with water -Blood is 5 times thicker than water |
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Plasma proteins |
-manufactured mainly by the liver - |
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Hemoposiesis |
The production of the formed elements in the blood red bone marrow |
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Differentiation |
Become specialized in function |
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Oxyhemoglobin |
Responsible for the bright red color of blood Formed when the blood circulates through the lungs |
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Donor |
Person who gives blood |
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Recipient |
Person who receives blood |
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Universal donor blood |
– Type O negative (O-) – No A antigens or B antigens present on its RBCs |
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Universal recipient blood |
– Type AB positive (AB+) – No anti-A or anti-B antigens present in its plasma |
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Russ positive Rh+ |
– Rh antigen is present on the RBC |
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Th negative Rh- |
– Rh antigen is not present on the RBC • Concern: Rh- blood being exposed to Rh+ blood via transfusion • Concern: Rh- mother giving birth to Rh+ baby and blood mixes during birth process |
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Coagulation |
Blood clotting – Injury to blood vessel creates roughened area in vessel – Platelets come in contact with rough spot and disintegrate • Release substance called thromboplastin – Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin • In presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors – Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin • Fibrin threads form a mesh that forms the clot |
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Anemia |
– Abnormal level of hemoglobin; resulting in oxygen deficiency in cells – Many types; some common S/S include: • Fatigue, paleness of skin, headache, fainting • Tingling sensations and numbness; loss of appetite; swelling in lower extremities; difficulty breathing |
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Aplastic Anemia |
– Form of anemia characterized by pancytopenia, an inadequacy of all the formed blood elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) |
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Hammond is anemia |
– Form of anemia characterized by the extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction |
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Iron deficiency anemia |
– Anemia that is characterized by deficiency of hemoglobin level due to a lack of iron in the body – Most common type of anemia |
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Pernicious anemia |
– Form of anemia resulting from a deficiency of mature RBCs and the formation and circulation of megaloblasts, with marked poikilocytosis and anisocytosis • Distorted RBCs due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption necessary for maturation of RBCs |
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Sickle cell anemia |
– Chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which RBCs become crescent-shaped in the presence of low oxygen concentration • Crescent-shaped RBCs clump together forming thromboses, which occlude small blood vessels, causing much pain for the individual |
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Granulocytosis |
– Abnormally elevated number of granulocytes in the circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection |
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Hemochromatosis |
– Rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron deposits throughout the body – Usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias |
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Hemophilia |
– Hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times |
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Hemophilia A |
– Also called classic hemophilia – Result of a deficiency or absence of antihemophilic factor VIII • Deficiency results in traumatic or spontaneous bleeding – Characterized by bleeding in joints, gums, or mouth – Hematuria is a common characteristic – Most reported cases are in males |
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Hemophilia B |
– Also called Christmas disease – Result of deficiency of a coagulation factor called factor IX – Only distinguishable from hemophilia A through laboratory differentiation of factor deficiencies |
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Leukemia |
– Excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood, eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia• Course of leukemia is subclassified as acute or chronic |
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Acute leukemia |
– Rapid onset – Swiftly progresses to severe thrombocytopenia, progressive anemia, infective lesions in throat and mouth, high fever, and severe infection |
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Chronic leukemia |
– Gradual onset– Progression slower than with acute form |
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Multiple myeloma |
Plasma cell myeloma – Malignant plasma cell neoplasm causes an increase in the number of both mature and immature plasma cells • Often entirely replaces the bone marrow and destroys the skeletal structure |
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Polycythemia Vera |
– Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes, and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity |
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Purpura |
– Collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations • Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = antibodies formed by the individual that destroy his/her own platelets |
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Thalassemia |
– Hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the production of hemoglobin is deficient, creating hypochromic microcytic RBCs • Alpha or beta hemoglobin chains are defective |
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Direct antiglobulin test Coombs test |
– Blood test used to discover the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies present in the blood of an Rh-negative woman • Production of these antibodies is associated with an Rh incompatibility between a pregnant Rh-negative woman and her Rh-positive fetus |
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Bleeding time |
Measurement of the time required for bleeding to stop |
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Blood transfusion |
– Administration of blood or a blood component to an individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma, or disease |
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Bone marrow biopsy |
– Microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully evaluates hematopoiesis by revealing the number, shape, and size of the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet precursors • Bone samples are obtained through aspiration or surgical removal |
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Bone marrow transplant |
– Donor’s bone marrow cells are infused intravenously into the recipient • After recipient receives an infusion of aggressive chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and to inactivate the immune system |
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Complete blood count (CBC) |
– Series of tests performed on peripheral blood, which inexpensively screens for problems in the hematologic system as well as several other organ systems – CBC includes: • RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indices, WBC count, WBC differential, blood smear, platelet count |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
– Test performed on blood, which measures the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of unclotted blood • ESR is determined by measuring the settling distance of RBCs in normal saline over one hour |
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Hematocrit |
– Assessment of the RBC percentage in total blood volume |
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Hemoglobin test |
Concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood |
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Lipid profile |
– Measurement of the lipids in the blood |
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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) |
– Blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and system of clot formation within the blood |
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Platelet count |
– Blood test that provides the count of platelets per 1 mm³ of blood |
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Prothrombin time (PT) |
– Blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and extrinsic system of clot formation |
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Red blood cell count (RBC) Red blood cell count (RBC) count (RBC) |
– Measurement of the circulating number of RBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood |
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Red blood cell morphology |
– Examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear that enables the examiner to identify the form and shape of the RBCs |
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Reticulocyte count |
– Measurement of the number of circulating reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) in a blood specimen |
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Rouleaux |
– Aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact or may occur with persons with mult |
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Schilling test |
– Diagnostic analysis for pernicious anemia |
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White blood cell count (WBC) |
– Measurement of the circulating number of WBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood |
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White blood cell differential |
– Measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBCs present in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood drawn for the WBC count |
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