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67 Cards in this Set

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Plasma

90 percent water = liquid portion of blood • Transports cellular elements of blood throughout circulatory system – Remaining portion = solutes • Electrolytes, proteins, fats, glucose, bilirubin, and gases • Most abundant solutes are plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

)

Solid components

Formed elements = cells + cell fragments


• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Albumins

– Constitute about 60 percent of the plasma proteins


– Help maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure


– Help maintain balance between fluid in the blood and fluid in the interstitial tissues

Globulins

Constitute approximately 36 percent of plasma proteins – Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids (fats) and fat-soluble vitamins in blood – Gamma globulins are antibodies and function in immunity

Fibrinogen


– Constitutes approximately 4 percent of plasma proteins – Largest of plasma proteins – Essential for coagulation

Erythrocytes

– Known as red blood cells (RBC)• Tny biconcave-shaped disks• Most numerous of formed elements• Normal range (adult male) = 4.5–6 million/mm³ of blood• Mature RBC is anucleate– Average life span = approximately 120 days– Main component = hemoglobin– Primary function = transport oxygen to cells of body

Blood cells

Leukocyte

– Known as white blood cells (WBC) • Larger than erythrocytes, but fewer in number • Mature WBC has a nucleus; does not have hemoglobin – Two categories = granulocytes + agranulocytes • Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm • Agranulocytes have no granules in their cytoplasm • Five different types of leukocytes within the categories

Blood cell

Neutrophils

– Constitute approximately 60 to 70 percent of all WBCs – Have multi lobed nuclei – Phagocytic in nature – Do not absorb acid or base dye well • Remain fairly neutral color

Granulocytes

Eosinophils

– Constitute approximately 2 to 4 percent of all WBCs – Have a nucleus with two lobes – Increase in number in response to allergic reactions – Stain a red, rosy color with an acid dye

Basophils

– Constitute less than 1 percent of all WBCs – Have a nucleus with two lobes – Secrete histamine during allergic reactions – Secrete heparin, a natural anticoagulant

Monocytes

– Constitute approximately 3 to 8 percent of all WBCs – Largest of all white blood cells – Have a kidney-bean-shaped nucleus – Phagocytic in nature

Lymphocytes

– Constitute approximately 20 to 25 percent of all WBCs – Have a large spherical-shaped nucleus – Play an important role in immune process – Some lymphocytes are phagocytic – Other lymphocytes produce antibodies

Thrombocytes

– Also known as platelets – Small, disc-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryocytes – Contain no hemoglobin – Essential for coagulation

Blood Type A

– Has A-antigen present on RBC – Has anti-B antibody present in plasma

Blood Type B

– Has B-antigen present on RBC – Has anti-A antibody present in plasma

Blood Type AB

– Has AB-antigens present on RBC – Has no antibodies present in plasma

Blood Type O

– Has no antigens present on RBC – Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in plasma

Viscosity

Refers to the thickness of a fluid as compared with water


-Blood is 5 times thicker than water

Plasma proteins

-manufactured mainly by the liver


-

Hemoposiesis

The production of the formed elements in the blood red bone marrow

Differentiation

Become specialized in function

Oxyhemoglobin

Responsible for the bright red color of blood


Formed when the blood circulates through the lungs

Donor

Person who gives blood

Recipient

Person who receives blood

Universal donor blood

– Type O negative (O-) – No A antigens or B antigens present on its RBCs

Universal recipient blood

– Type AB positive (AB+) – No anti-A or anti-B antigens present in its plasma

Russ positive Rh+

– Rh antigen is present on the RBC

Th negative Rh-

– Rh antigen is not present on the RBC • Concern: Rh- blood being exposed to Rh+ blood via transfusion • Concern: Rh- mother giving birth to Rh+ baby and blood mixes during birth process

Coagulation

Blood clotting


– Injury to blood vessel creates roughened area in vessel – Platelets come in contact with rough spot and disintegrate • Release substance called thromboplastin – Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin • In presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors – Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin • Fibrin threads form a mesh that forms the clot

Anemia

– Abnormal level of hemoglobin; resulting in oxygen deficiency in cells – Many types; some common S/S include: • Fatigue, paleness of skin, headache, fainting • Tingling sensations and numbness; loss of appetite; swelling in lower extremities; difficulty breathing

Aplastic Anemia

– Form of anemia characterized by pancytopenia, an inadequacy of all the formed blood elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Hammond is anemia

– Form of anemia characterized by the extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction

Iron deficiency anemia

– Anemia that is characterized by deficiency of hemoglobin level due to a lack of iron in the body – Most common type of anemia

Pernicious anemia

– Form of anemia resulting from a deficiency of mature RBCs and the formation and circulation of megaloblasts, with marked poikilocytosis and anisocytosis • Distorted RBCs due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption necessary for maturation of RBCs

Sickle cell anemia

– Chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which RBCs become crescent-shaped in the presence of low oxygen concentration • Crescent-shaped RBCs clump together forming thromboses, which occlude small blood vessels, causing much pain for the individual

Granulocytosis

– Abnormally elevated number of granulocytes in the circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection

Hemochromatosis

– Rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron deposits throughout the body – Usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias

Hemophilia

– Hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times

Hemophilia A

– Also called classic hemophilia – Result of a deficiency or absence of antihemophilic factor VIII • Deficiency results in traumatic or spontaneous bleeding – Characterized by bleeding in joints, gums, or mouth – Hematuria is a common characteristic – Most reported cases are in males

Hemophilia B

– Also called Christmas disease – Result of deficiency of a coagulation factor called factor IX – Only distinguishable from hemophilia A through laboratory differentiation of factor deficiencies

Leukemia

– Excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood, eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia•


Course of leukemia is subclassified as acute or chronic

Acute leukemia

– Rapid onset


– Swiftly progresses to severe thrombocytopenia, progressive anemia, infective lesions in throat and mouth, high fever, and severe infection

Chronic leukemia

– Gradual onset– Progression slower than with acute form

Multiple myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma


– Malignant plasma cell neoplasm causes an increase in the number of both mature and immature plasma cells • Often entirely replaces the bone marrow and destroys the skeletal structure

Polycythemia Vera

– Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes, and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity

Purpura

– Collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations • Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = antibodies formed by the individual that destroy his/her own platelets

Thalassemia

– Hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the production of hemoglobin is deficient, creating hypochromic microcytic RBCs • Alpha or beta hemoglobin chains are defective

Direct antiglobulin test Coombs test

– Blood test used to discover the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies present in the blood of an Rh-negative woman • Production of these antibodies is associated with an Rh incompatibility between a pregnant Rh-negative woman and her Rh-positive fetus

Bleeding time

Measurement of the time required for bleeding to stop

Blood transfusion

– Administration of blood or a blood component to an individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma, or disease

Bone marrow biopsy

– Microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully evaluates hematopoiesis by revealing the number, shape, and size of the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet precursors • Bone samples are obtained through aspiration or surgical removal

Bone marrow transplant

– Donor’s bone marrow cells are infused intravenously into the recipient • After recipient receives an infusion of aggressive chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and to inactivate the immune system

Complete blood count (CBC)

– Series of tests performed on peripheral blood, which inexpensively screens for problems in the hematologic system as well as several other organ systems – CBC includes: • RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indices, WBC count, WBC differential, blood smear, platelet count

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

– Test performed on blood, which measures the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of unclotted blood • ESR is determined by measuring the settling distance of RBCs in normal saline over one hour

Hematocrit

– Assessment of the RBC percentage in total blood volume

Hemoglobin test

Concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood

Lipid profile

– Measurement of the lipids in the blood

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

– Blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and system of clot formation within the blood

Platelet count

– Blood test that provides the count of platelets per 1 mm³ of blood

Prothrombin time (PT)

– Blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and extrinsic system of clot formation

Red blood cell count (RBC)


Red blood cell count (RBC)


count (RBC)

– Measurement of the circulating number of RBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood

Red blood cell morphology

– Examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear that enables the examiner to identify the form and shape of the RBCs

Reticulocyte count

– Measurement of the number of circulating reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) in a blood specimen

Rouleaux

– Aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact or may occur with persons with mult

Schilling test

– Diagnostic analysis for pernicious anemia

White blood cell count (WBC)

– Measurement of the circulating number of WBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood

White blood cell differential

– Measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBCs present in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood drawn for the WBC count