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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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__is the use of a drug for a purpose that is different from its intended use.
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Substance Abuse |
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What are some commonly abused drugs?
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alcohol, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, amphetamines, marijuana, barbiturates, volatile hydrocarbons such as those found in glue, and nicotine. |
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What type of drugs are older adults more likely to abuse?
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Older adults may abuse over-the-counter and prescription drugs or alcohol rather than illicit drugs. |
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Because of their widespread harmful effects, _and _ contribute most to morbidity and mortality, and thus are considered the most harmful substances. |
alcohol and nicotine |
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_refers to the physical symptoms and craving for a drug that occur when a person abruptly stops using an abused substance.
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withdrawal
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_means that a person must take a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
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chemical dependence |
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_is sometimes used interchangeably with dependence, but more accurately refers to the drug-seeking behaviors that interfere with work, relationships, and normal activities.
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Addiction
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_refers to the reduction in a drug's effect that follows persistent use. |
Tolerance |
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What happens when the body becomes tolerant of a drug?
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Tolerance results bc the body develops mechanisms for using the drug more effectively or inactivating the drug more efficiently. Consequently, a person must take increasing amounts of the substance to obtain the desired effect. |
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Commonly used drugs What is the effects of alcohol on the body? |
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Commonly used drugs What are the signs and symptoms of alcohol toxicity on the body? |
Nausea and vomiting, loss of coordination, belligerence, stupor, coma |
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Commonly used drugs What are the s/s of alcohol withdrawal? |
Anxiety, agitation, elevated vital signs, hyperactive reflexes, tremors, diaphoresis, insomnia, hallucinations, seizures
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Commonly abused drugs What are the effects of cocaine and methamphetamine on the body? |
CNS stimulant; tachycardia; hypertension; increased energy; feeling well-being; insensitivity to pain and fatigue; weight loss |
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Commonly abused drugs s/s of cocaine and methamphetamine |
Restlessness, paranoia, irritability, auditory and tactile hallucinations, convulsions, respiratory or cardiac arrest |
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s/s of cocaine and methamphetamine withdrawal |
depressed mood, lethargy, impaired concentration, cravings for drug |
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Effects of heroin and other opiates on the body |
CNS depressant; initial brief rush of euphoria; sedation; reduced motivation, attn., and concentration; altered sensitivity to stressors; pan relief; lowered v/s, esp respiratory rate; slowed peristalsis; constricted pupils; decreased interest in sex |
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commonly abused substances s/s of heroin and other opiates toxicity |
respiratory depression, hypothermia, pinpoint pupils, coma |
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commonly abused substances s/s of heroin and other opiates withdrawal |
yawning, runny nose, perspiration, goose bumps, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils, insomnia, elevated v/s, drug cravings
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commonly abused drugs Effects of nicotine on the body |
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S/s of nicotine toxicity |
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s/s of acute nicotine toxicity that is most often in a child who ingests the drug |
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, salivation, seizures |
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commonly abused drugs s/s of nicotine withdrawal |
craving, reduced concentration, emotional irritability, nervousness, fatigue, disturbed sleep, increased appetite |
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_are chemical agents that temporarily accelerate physical mental functions.
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Central nervous system stimulants |
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_are chemical agents that slow brain and physiologic activity.
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Central nervous system depressants |
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What is the most widely used CNS stimulant?
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coffee |
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T or F Individuals usually tryout drugs bc they're curious and then it progress from fun to addiction. |
True Substance abuse often begins with curious experimentation and progresses to habituation, psychological an physical dependence, ad finally, addiction. |
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_is a chronic, progressive, multisystem disease characterized by an inability to control the consumption of alcohol.
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Alcoholism |
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Serious medical consequences of alcoholism are __ related; that is, the more alcohol a person consumes, the sooner he or she experiences life-threatening health problems.
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dose related |
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What are some complications of alcoholism?
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portal hypertension, esophageal varices, and cirrhosis of the liver |
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_a_are more likely to to experience health problem earlier than _b_ bc, in general they weigh less. |
a. women b. men |
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Do genetic play a role in alcoholism?
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Genetic factors may play a role in alcoholism. Children of alcoholics are three to five times more likely to develop alcoholism than children of nonalcoholics. |
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_is the substance produced by the abnormal metabolism of an alcoholic. This is a genetically determined component alter in the metabolism of an alcoholic. |
(THIQ) tetrahydroisoquinoline |
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What have studies shown about THIQ when tested?
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It creates an intense craving for alcohol in rats remains in the animal brain even during abstinence.
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another word meaning "reduced effect' |
cross-tolerance
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Not only do some alcoholics manifest a great tolerance for alcohol, but the may also have a cross-tolerance for __
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sedative-hypnotic drugs
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_are periods of amnesia
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blackouts
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Gerontologic Considerations Why alcoholism in older adults may be difficult to detect? |
Alcoholism may be difficult to identify in older adults bc symptoms such as tremors, unsteady gait, or memory loss mimic changes that can be associated with aging
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What are s/s of alcohol withdrawal? |
nervous system stimulation manifested by tremors, sweating, hypertension, tachycardia, heart palpitations, craving for alcohol, seizures, and hallucinations. |
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Complications of alcoholism Infants born to women who consume alcohol during pregnancy sometimes have __, which causes physical and intellectual deficits. |
fetal alcohol syndrome |
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__measures the percentage of alcohol in the blood, indicating extent of alcohol intoxication at the time of measurement.
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blood alcohol level (BAL)
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BAL What happens to the body when the blood alcohol level is 50mg/dl or 0.05%? |
Mood changes, reduced inhibition, decrease judgment, slight euphoria |
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BAL What happens to the body when the BAL is 80-100mg/dl or 0.08-0.1%? |
Reduced muscle coordination, decreased reaction time, impaired vision
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BAL What happens to the body when the BAL is 200 mg/dl or 0.2%? |
staggering, poor control of emotions, easily angered |
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BAL What happens to the body when the BAL is 300 mg/dl or 0.3%? |
Mental confusion, stupor
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BAL What happens to the body when the BAL is 400 mg/dl or 0.4%? |
Coma
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BAL What happens to the body when the BAL is 500 mg/dl or 0.5%? |
Respiratory depression, death
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__involves stabilizing the client with a sedative drug while the alcohol is eventually metabolized.
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Detoxification
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What are some drugs used in alcoholism detox?
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Ativan, valium, librium
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Because of cross-tolerance, how are sedative hypnotic drugs given to alcoholic patients?
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Initially, these medications are administered frequently and in high doses to compensate for the client's cross-tolerance; they are then tapered and discontinued. |
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What drug is give for alcoholic withdrawal to reduce the pts dangerously high heart rate and blood pressure?
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A beta- adrenergic blocker such as propranolol (Inderal)
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People with alcoholism are often under nourished and have a deficiency in what vit? |
Vit B
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Thiamine Vitamin therapy prevents what? |
neurologic complications known as Wernicke's encephalopathy and korsakoff's psychosis
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what do Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's psychosis affect? |
memory and cognitive functions
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What therapy helps the client to gain greater insight into the emotional problems that have led to or resulted from alcohol dependence? |
Psychotherapy
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__is a drug given to people recovering from alcoholism who cannot control the compulsion to drink.
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disulfiram (antabuse)
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What is aversion therapy?
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it deters drinking by causing unpleasant physical reactions when alcohol is consumed or absorbed through the skin.
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What is a health teaching for a client prescribed disulfiram?
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a list of products that contain alcohol such as liquid cough drops |
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What important info must you inform the client prescribed disulfiram?
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life-threatening cardiopulmonary complications and even death can occur when disulfiram and alcohol are combined
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How long after discontinuing disulfiram may drug still be in the client's system where they can still have a reaction?
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2wks
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Gerontlogic consideration What common prescribed drugs can disulfiram interfere with? |
warfarin, nitroglycerin
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_is a 12-step self-help program founded in 1926 by an alcoholic physician. it emphasizes personal accountability, spirituality, and powerlessness over alcohol.
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AA
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__is the stimulant drug in tobacco and is the most heavily used addictive, mood-altering substance in the United States.
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Nicotine |
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What causes a person to become addicted to nicotine?
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nicotine mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which intensifies the release of dopamine in the brain, promoting an experience of pleasure and reward.
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What are the effects of smoking on your cardiovascular system? |
Smoking raises carbon monoxide levels in the blood and causes constriction of peripheral blood vessels, which contribute to cardiovascular disease.
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What are the effects of smoking on your respiratory system?
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Tobacco smoke disrupts the structure of alveoli, causing them to become overstretched and inelastic, as in emphysema.
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What are the effects of smokeless tobacco?
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It exposes the oral cavity to carcinogens |
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Because nicotine addiction is not only a physiologic response but a conditioned or learned response, smoking-cessation strategies mush target --
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habits-- like smoking after a meal or smoking while consuming coffee
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What percentage of smoking is responsible for lung cancer and COPD deaths?
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90%
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T or F The rate of coronary heart disease in smokers is four to six times that in nonsmokers. |
True |
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Gerontologic Consideration As nurses, what must we be aware of in postmenopausal women who smoke? |
Their bones are less dense and they are at higher risk for fractures, esp of the hip, as they age
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_ is the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and the exhaled smoke from the lungs of a smoker.
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environmental tobacco smoke (AKA secondhand smoke or passive smoke) |
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_scientists who study the incidence and causation of illnesses
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epidemiologist
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What are the effects of second hand smoke on nonsmokers?
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nonsmokers exposed to second hand smoke have increased rates of heart disease, lung and other types of cancer, and respiratory tract infections |
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T or F Risk of sudden infant death syndrome is increased in infants whose mothers smoked though pregnancy and after delivery. |
True
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T or F Second hand smoke does not affect children with asthma. |
False Children with asthma have an increased frequency of and more severe attacks when exposed to an environment with secondhand smoke. |
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__are gradually tapered and stopped; they help clients avoid withdrawal symptoms and are an adjunct to other interventions.
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nicotine substitutes
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Why is relapse common in nicotine addicted clients?
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Relapse is common because withdrawal symptoms begin within several hours after the last cigarette is smoked and peak 2 to 3 days later.
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Nursing management How do nurses help encourage clients to quit smoking? |
By counseling them to quit and providing them with information on various smoking cessation products and programs. Nurturing the clients belief that they can quit |
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If the client is concerned about gaining wt if they quit smoking, how can the nurse help?
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The nurse informs the pt that a typical wt gain is 4 to 10lbs the first year, but the nurse helps the client plan strategies to offset the tendency for weight gain, like a walking program |
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__is a CNS stimulant obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. |
Cocaine
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_is the purified form of cocaine wit a crystalline or rocklike appearance, makes a crackling sound when it is heated |
crack
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Cocaine may be __, which reduces the drug to its purest form.
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freebased
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__is an addicting stimulant that is made by combining over-the-counter medications containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine with other chemicals such as ammonia, acetone, and lye.
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Methamphetamine
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What is "meth mouth"?
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Meth addicts grind their teeth along with the constriction of blood vessels to the mouth and neglected oral hygiene, leads to blackened, stained, and rotting teeth.
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_is abuse of more than one substance |
polydrug abuse
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Methamphetamine users are also at higher risk for contracting __A__ because _B_ .
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A. HIV and Hepatitis B B. the surge of neurotransmitters increases sexual drive and decreases judgment. |
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How long can the metabolites of cocaine be found in a urine drug screen?
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for up to 36 hours
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How long can the metabolites of methamphetamine be found in a urine drug screen?
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3 to 6 days
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To help the person addicted to cocaine with recovery, what medications may be temporarily prescribed?
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bromocriptine (Parlodel), and amantadine (Symmetrel)
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What affects do parlodel and symmetrel have on the body?
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they increase or mimic the effects of dopamine, the neurotransmitter that is most likely responsible for the rewarding and reinforcing effects of addicting substances.
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Why are antidepressants prescribed for withdrawal from cocaine and meth?
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Antidepressants are prescribed to relieve the dysphoria (depression) that occurs during withdrawal.
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What is TA-CD
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an anticocaine vaccine developed by Xenova Pharmaceuticals in England It promotes the development of antibodies that bind with cocaine and prevent the drug from reaching the brain |
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Which drug is harder to recover from, Meth or Cocaine?
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Meth--it may take years of antidepressant drug therapy and behavior modification techniques to recover.
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what is a very important nursing intervention that should be done later (after physical stabilization)? |
monitoring the client for suicidal ideation and administering medications that provide support during withdrawal are essential
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_is an addiction to narcotics, CNS depressant drugs that are either derived from or chemically similar to opium.
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Opiate dependence
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_is a term for synthetic opiate narcotics
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opioid
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What do opioids do to the body? |
They produced sedation after initial euphoria
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Assessment findings for Opiate dependence What is a characteristic s/s of opioid use with the eyes? |
The pupils usually are pinpoint in size
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What are the s/s of neonate withdrawal from opioids?
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Neonates in withdrawal are observed to have a high-pitched cry, tremors, insomnia, increased respirations, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and convulsions
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What is an opioid antagonist drug and how long does it take to go into effect?
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naloxone (Narcan) it works within 2 to 5 minutes with IV administration |
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Opioid withdrawal is treated with what drugs?
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alpha-adrenergic blocker clonidine (Catapres)
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__involves substituting one addicting drug for another.
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Methadone maintenance therapy
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What is the rationale behind Methadone maintenance therapy?
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it forestalls withdreawal, avoids a toxic overdose, reduces the potential for blood-borne infections, and theoretically reduces crime because the drug is provided legally.
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Because some users try to combine methadone with their depressant drug of choice, what is done before providing the drug?
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The practice of testing the urine before providing methadone is one way of screening and eliminating those who are abusing the system.
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To avoid black market sale of methadone, what is done?
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To avoid black market sale of methadone, self-administration must be witnessed by the dispensing professional
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__is an opioid antagonist, that blocks endorphin receptors. if clients return to opiate abuse while taking this drug they do not experience the previous level of opiate effects.
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Naltrexone (Texan, Revia)
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__a procedure for accelerating opiate drug withdrawal with 4 to 8 hours while the client is under anesthesia.
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rapid opiate detoxification
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If naltrexone is prescribed as a deterrent, the client must be opiate free for at least __ before administration begins.
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7 days
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