Chapter3

Front 1

Hydrocarbon

Back 1

Organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. Can exist as unbranched or branched chains or as rings

Front 2

Isomer

Back 2

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures

Front 3

Structural isomer

Back 3

Compounds that different in the covalent arrangements of their atom.

Front 4

Geometric isomer

Back 4

Compounds that are identical in the arrangements of there covalent bonds but different in the spatial arrangements of atoms or groups of atoms

Front 5

Enatiomers

Back 5

Isomers that are mirror images of eachother

Front 6

Because covalent bonds between hydrogen and carping are nonpolar, hydrocarbons lack distinct charged region

Back 6

.

Front 7

Hydrophobic

Back 7

Hydrocarbon are Insoluble in water and cluster together, because they like to stay away from water

Front 8

Functional group

Back 8

Groups of atoms that determine the types of chemical reactions and associations in which the compound participates

Front 9

Methyl group r---oh

Back 9

Common nonpolar hydrocarbon group

Front 10

Carbonyl group r--cho

Back 10

Consists of a carbon atoms that has a double covalent bond with an oxygen atom

Front 11

Carboxyl group r--cooh

Back 11

Non ionized form consits of a carbon atoms joined by a double covalent bond to an oxygen atom

Front 12

Amino acid group r---nh2

Back 12

In its non ionized form includes a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Front 13

Phosphate group r---po4h2

Back 13

Is weakly acidic the attraction of electrons by the oxygen atoms can result in the release of one or two hydrogen ions producing ionized forms with one or two units of negative charge

Front 14

Sulfhydryl group r--sh

Back 14

Consisting of an atom of sulfur covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom is found in molecules called thios

Front 15

Hydroxyl group r--oh

Back 15

Polar because rod the presence of a strongly electromagnetic oxygen atom

Front 16

Keytone

Back 16

Has an internal carbonyl group

Front 17

Macromolecules

Back 17

Giant molecules very large consisting of thousands of atoms

Front 18

Polymers

Back 18

Produced by linking small organic compounds called monomers

Front 19

Hydrolysis reaction

Back 19

Polymers can be degraded to their component monomers. to break with water

Front 20

Condensation reaction

Back 20

Monomers become covalently linked because the equivalent of a molecule of water is removed during the reactions that combined monomers

Front 21

Carbohydrates

Back 21

Sugars starches and cellulose serve as energy sources for cells. cellulose is the main structural component of the walls that surround plant cells

Front 22

Monosaccharides

Back 22

Typically contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.. one sugar... a hydroxyl group is bonded to each carbon except one, that carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group

Front 23

Glucose c6h12o6

Back 23

The most abundant monosaccharide is used as an energy source in most organisms during cellular respiration sells oxidized glucose molecule of converting the stored energy to a form that can be readily used for cell work

Front 24

Disaccharide

Back 24

Two sugars. contains two monosaccharide rings joined by a glycosidic linkage,consisting of central oxygen covalently bonded to two carbons when in each ring

Front 25

Glysodic linkage

Back 25

Forms between carbin 1 of one molecule and carbon 4 of another

Front 26

Polysaccharide

Back 26

Macromolecule consisting of repeating units of simple sugars usually glucose they are the most abundant carbohydrate and includes starches glycogen and cellulose

Front 27

Starch

Back 27

Typical form of carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants is a polymer consisting of alpha glucose subunits

Front 28

Amyloplasts

Back 28

Plant cells store starch mainly as granules within specialized organelles

Front 29

. Glycogen

Back 29

Referred to as animal starch is the form in which glucose subunits are stored as an energy source in animal tissues

Front 30

Cellulose

Back 30

Is insoluble polysaccharide composed of many join glucose molecules cannot be digested by humans

Front 31

Glycoprotein

Back 31

Compounds present on the outer surface of bal other than bacteria. carbohydrate combined with a protein

Front 32

Lipid

Back 32

Are heterogeneous group of compounds that are categorized by the fact that they are soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and chloroform and are relatively insoluble in water

Front 33

Triacyclglycerol

Back 33

The most abundant lipid in living form these compounds are commonly known as fats and are an economical form of reserve fuel storage because when metabolize they yield more than twice as much energy

Front 34

Glycerol

Back 34

Is a three carbon alcohol that contains three hydroxyl groups

Front 35

Fatty acid

Back 35

Is a long unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic group COO H at one end

Front 36

Ester linkage

Back 36

Formation of a covalent linkage

Front 37

Saturated fatty acid

Back 37

Contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

Front 38

. Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 38

Includes one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond therefore they are not fully saturated with hydrogen

Front 39

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Back 39

Fatty acids with one double bond. are where those with one or more are polyunsaturated fatty acids

Front 40

Amphipathic lipids

Back 40

In which one end of each molecule is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic

Front 41

Phospholipid

Back 41

Consist of glycerol molecule attached at one and two fatty acid and at the other end to a phosphate group link to an organic compound

Front 42

Carotenoids

Back 42

Classified with the lipids because they are insoluble in water and have an oil consistency these pigments found in the cells of plants play a role in photosynthesis

Front 43

Isoprene units

Back 43

Consist of five carbon hydrocarbon monomers

Front 44

Steroid

Back 44

Consists of carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings three of the Rings contain six carbon atoms and the fourth contains five

Front 45

Retinol

Back 45

Most animals convert cartonoids to vitamin A which can then be converted to a visual pigment

Front 46

Proteins

Back 46

Macromolecules composed of amino acids are the most versatile cell components

Front 47

Enzymes

Back 47

Molecules that accelerate the thousands of different chemical reactions that take place in an organism's. are protein

Front 48

Amino acid

Back 48

The constituents of proteins have amino acid group and carboxyl group bonded to the same asymmetrical carbon atom known as the alpha carbon

Front 49

Essential amino acids

Back 49

I know the animals cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to its need and must obtain from diet

Front 50

Peptide bond

Back 50

The covalent carbon to nitrogen bond linking two amino acids

Front 51

Dipeptide

Back 51

Two amino acids combine

Front 52

Polypeptide

Back 52

Longer chain of amino acids

Front 53

. Globular protein

Back 53

Tightly folded into compact spherical shape. polypeptide chains form long fibers

Front 54

Primary structure

Back 54

Sequence of amino acids joined by a peptide bond

Front 55

Secondary structure

Back 55

Results from hydrogen bonding involving the backbone. A helix and the b pleated sheet

Front 56

B pleated sheet

Back 56

Hydrogen bonding that takes place between different polypeptide chains , or different regions of a polypeptide chain that has been turned back on itself

Front 57

Quarterary structure

Back 57

Resulting 3-d structure

Front 58

Molecular chaperone

Back 58

Mediate the folding of other protein molecule

Front 59

Domain

Back 59

More than one distrint structural activity

Front 60

Nucleic acid

Back 60

Transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins a cell manufacturer

Front 61

Dna

Back 61

Compose the genes, hereditary info, all instructions for massing proteins as well as all the rna needs

Front 62

Rna

Back 62

Participates in the process in which amino acids are linked to form polypeptide

Front 63

Robozymes

Back 63

Rna that Can even act as specific biological catalysts

Front 64

Nucleotides

Back 64

Molecular units that consist of 1 a five carbon sugar, either doexyribose in dna or ribose kn rna

Front 65

Purine

Back 65

Nitrogen base with a double ring

Front 66

Pyrimidine

Back 66

Single ring

Front 67

Purina names

Back 67

Adenine(a) gaunine

Front 68

Pyrimidines

Back 68

Cystosine and thymine

Front 69

Phosophodiester linkage

Back 69

Liners chains of nucleotides, each consisting of a phosphate group and the covalent bond that attach it to the sugars of adjacent nucleotides

Front 70

Adinosimw triphosphate atp

Back 70

Composed of Adine ribose and the phosphate and is a major importance as the primary energy currency of all cells

Front 71

Guanosine

Back 71

Gtp a nucleotide that contains the base gaunine and can transfer energy by transferring a phosphate group and cell signal

Front 72

Adenosine monophosphate

Back 72

Regulates call functions and cell signaling and is important in then mechanism by which some hormones act

Front 73

Nicotinaminde adenine dinucleoride

Back 73

Oxidation and reduction readctions in cells