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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the respiratory function?
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To sypply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
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What are the components of respiration?
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Ventiliation, Externaml Respiration, Gas Transport, Internal Respiration
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Describe the conducting zone.
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cleanse, humidfy and warm incoming air (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
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Describe the respiratory zone.
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gas exchange (brochioles, alveolar ducs, alveoli)
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What is the function of the nose?
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passageway for air; warms, filters, moistens and cleanses air
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What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
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they're formed from frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones; resonating chambers for sound, lighten skull
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What is rhinitis?
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inflammation of the nasal mucosa; caused by cold viruses, strep bacteria and allergens, excessive mucus production and postnasal drip, can spread to eyes and sinuses
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What is sinusitis?
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inflamed sinuses; blockage of passages between nasal cavity and sinuses.. can cause sinus headache
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What are the three pharynx?
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nasopharynx (air only) , oropharynx (food and air) , larynogopharynx (food and air) - houses voicebox (larynx)
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Describe the larynx.
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voice box -- houses vocal folds for sound production ; attached to hyoid bone and continuous with trachea; framework of nine cartilages
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What is epiglottis and laryngitis?
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inflammation of the epiglottis - caused by haemophilus influenzae ; inflammation of the larynx
inflammation of vocal folds (hoarseness) ; can be caused by dry air , bacterial infections, inhaling irritation chemicals |
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Describe the trachea.
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windpipe ; extends through mediastinum ; held open by C-shaped cartilage, houses ciliary escalator , carina (last cartilage) ; heimlich maneuver used to clear foreign objects from trachea
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Describe the bronchial tree.
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trachea branches to right and left primary bronchi; primary bronchi branch repeatedly; bronchioles
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What is the alveoli lines with?
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respiratory membrane ; basal lamina of capillaries fuses with that of alveoli
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What is teh alveoli covered with?
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pulmoary capillaries ; single layer of squamous epithelial cells over a thin basal lamina
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What kind of cells are scattered throughout the alveoli?
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cubiodal cells; secrete surfactant -- reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents collapse of alveoli
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In the respiratory membrane, gas exchange occurs by ?
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simple diffusion
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How many lobes does the right lung have? the left?
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three ; two
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what is the pleura?
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coverings of lungs
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What do the pleura secrete?
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fluid as lubricant between layers
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What does the pleura prevent?
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organ interference and spread of infection
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What is pleurisy and pleural effsion?
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inflammation of pleura - excess fluid inhibits breathing; collection of fluid in pleural cavity
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What foes pulmonary ventilation depend on during breathing?
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pressure
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What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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760 mmHg (1 atm)
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Describe intrapulmonary pressure
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presure in alveoli ; rises and falls with breathing, but always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
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Describe intrapleural pressure.
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pressure between the pleura; rises and falls with breathing but alwasy remains about -4 mmHg
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Describe lung collapse
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occurs if intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure become equal
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What is lung collapse caused by?
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mucus plugged bronchiole, pneumonia, air in intrapleural space
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According to pulmoary ventilation and Boyle's law, as volume increases, what happens to pressure?
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decreases
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what is inspiration?
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diapharm contracts and moves down, chest cavity volume invreases, pressure decreases, air flows in
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What is expiration?
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muscles relax, volume decreases, pressure increases, air flows out
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Ventilation is normal , quiet inspiration that brings in how much gas?
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500 ml
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what does alveolar surface tension result from
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attractive forces between water molecules
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how do surgactant reduce surface tension?
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by getting between water molecules
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lack of surfactant causes what?
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infant respiratory distress syndrome (premature babies); smoking lessens surfactant
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Lung compliance is determined by?
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elasticity of lung tissue and surface tension of alveoli; the more the lungs expand, the greater the compliance
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Pulmonary function tests helps what?
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evaluate respiratory function , can help distinguish between diseases
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what is a spirometer?
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measures amount of air moved under varying conditions
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What is Tidal Volume (TV) ?
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air moved during quite breathing (500 ml)
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What is Reserve volume?
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air moved forcefully after normal tidal breath
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What is residual volume?
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air remaining in the lungs after most forceful expansion (1200 ml)- keeps alveoli open
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What is the minute or total ventilation pulmonary function test?
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amount of gas flowing into and out of respiratory tract in 1 min.
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What is the forced vital capacity pulmonary function test?
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deep breath forcefully exhaled
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What is the forved expiratory volume pulmonary function test?
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amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of FVC
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What are the non-respiratory air movements?
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coughing and sneezing (clear passages) - laughing and crying (emotional) - hiccups and yawning (reflexive)
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What is Dalton's Law?
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in gas mixtures such as air, each gas contributes a pressure proportional to its concentration
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How much does oxygen makes up air particles?
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20 %
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What is Henry's law?
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when gas is in contact with a liquid, it will dissolve in proportion with its concentration; gas solubility also decreases as temp. increases
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Describe external respiration.
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gas exchange in the lung;
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What is external respiration influenced by?
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partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
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What does external respiration occur at?
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respiratory membrane
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Where does gas exchange in internal respiration?
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tissues
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What is internal respiration influenced by , and where does it occur?
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gas partial pressures and tissue perfusion, capillary membrane
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Each hemoglobin carries how many oxygen molecules?
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four
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Only what percent of oxygen is given up to tissues under resting conditions?
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25 %
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Decreases in pH decreases what ability to carry oxygen
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hemoglobins
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What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma, binded to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate ions in plasma?
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7- 10 % ; 20 - 30 % ; 60 - 70 %
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What is asthma?
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episodes of coughing, wheezing, dyspnea and chest tightness ; periods of remission, initial inflammatory response followed by brochoconstriction;
can by brought on by allergens |
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What is tuberculosis?
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infectious disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) ; causes scar tissue in respiratory tract, must be treated with multiple drugs and can be fatal
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What percent of smokes have lung cancer?
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90 %
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How is lung cancer treated?
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surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
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What is cystic fibrosis?
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genetic disease - most common lethal genetic disease in North America; secretions of abnormally thick mucus ; requires a lung transplant
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After time, the respiratory system loses...
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compliance, elasticity, effective protective mechanisms
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What is obstructive emphysema?
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deterioration and enlargement of alveoli
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What is chronic bronchitis?
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inhaled irritants lead to mucus production, airway becomes obstructed; common in smokes
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What happens after execrise to your respiratory system?
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breathing deeper and more vigorous, not more rapid
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What happens to your respiratory system when at a high altitude?
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increase minute respiratory volume.. gradual changes - well tolerated ; sudden changes lead to mountain sickness
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