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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Social Control Theory |
- proposes that people refrain from committing criminal acts because they do not want to jeopardize their bonds to conventional society - assumes humans are neither good nor evil but we are all born with the capacity to do wrong - Concerned with " WHY DONT WE ALL DO IT? |
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Durkheim and Social Integration |
- Some types of social structure led to high rates of crime and deviance - communities characterized by physical deterioration, poverty and conflict |
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Social Bonds (Durkeheim) 1. Egoistic Suicide |
1. results from a situation in which a person's social ties are so weak that he is freed from social constraints and acts only on the basis of private interests |
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2. Anomic Suicide |
2. when a lack of social integration, caused by factors such as rapid economic change, leaves a society without a clear system of moral beliefs and sentiments - in both cases, social organization is weak and the individual lacks moral guidance - without socially regulated goals- deviance is more likely as people pursue their aspirations without check |
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Thrasher and the GANG |
- Thrasher located gangs both geographically and socially where there are breaks in the structure of social organization -They occur in slums characterized by physical deterioration, rapid successions of inhabitants, mobility and disorganization; along economic and ecological boundaries; - gangs arise spontaneously in areas where social control is weak - gangs not necessarily delinquent but will often be then natural result of activities - In slum settings, delinquency often the most exciting and interesting thing for youth to do |
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Ecological Analysis (Social Disorganization Theory) Shaw and McKawy |
- Deviance originating in the social disorganization of communities not in the pathology of individuals - Chicago Neighbourhoods- disproprtioantely high rates of officially recorded crime and delinquency- rates highest in the slum areas near city centre and declined as one moved outward |
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ECO anal. |
- in many neighbourhood crime rates remained high over long period ofttimes even though racial and ethnic characteristics changed over time -S&M attributed high rates to failure neighbourhood institutions and organizations such as families, school and churches to provide adequate social controls - emphasized IMPORTANCE of exposure to criminal subculture that attracted young people to deviant behaviour |
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Ecological Fallacy |
- error made when information is gathered at a group level and conclusions are drawn about individuals - S&M research had this- crime occurs more in low than middle class areas- doesn't mean lower class is more involved in crime- actually middle class do the crime in the lower class areas |
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Early Social Control Theories Albert Reiss (social vs. personal controls) |
- first to distinguish between SOCIAL CONTROL (include ties to primary groups such as the family and community institutions)
and PERSONAL CONTROLS (which have been internalized by the individual) - if controls are absent, break down or can't be enforced, delinquency will result |
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Ivan Nye
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- Developed technique for measuring self reported delinquency and gathered his data from a random sample of high school students in three small US cities - first attempts at unraveling the causes of delinquency using self report approach |
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NYE |
- control theory assumes delinquency is not caused in a positive sense, but prevented - weak controls free the person to commit delinquent acts by lowering their cost relative to available alternatives - Emphasizes that **FAMILY** was the most significant group in the development of social bonds- children from close families in which there was agreement on basic values were unlikely to be delinquent |
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Travis Hirschi and the Social Bond "Causes of Delinquency" book 4 Aspects of social bonds constrain our behaviour |
1. Attachment- degree to which individual has effective ties to other ppl 2. Commitment- degree to which an individual pursues conventional goals 3. Involvement- degree to which individual is active in conventional activities 4. Belief- degree to which an individual believes in conventional values, morality and the legitimacy of law |
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Self Control The General Theory of Crime |
- Gottfredson and Hirschi proposed that individuals with low self control have a greater propensity to commit crimes when they have the opportunity to do so - also more likely to engage in other risky behaviour such as smoking, drinking, dangerous driving - Why do some people lack self control? g&h answer lies in early childhood socialization (early childhood experiences) - Low SC if they have poor relationships with their parents of if their parents do not have good parenting skills |
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Keane, Maxim and Teevan |
- relationships between self control and criminal behaviour - night time road side survey of Ontario drivers, found men and women with lower self control had higher blood alcohol levels than other drivers |
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Sorenson and Brownfield |
- found correlation between self control and drug use -also found ties to delinquent friends were correlated more strongly with drug use than any of their self control variables |
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LeBlanc 1997 |
- low self control is just one of several psychological traits that should be a part of a comprehensive social control theory of offending youth with "EGOCENTRIC personalities" have weaker social bonds and higher levels of delinquency than their peers |
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LaGrange and Silverman |
-self control explained in part of the difference in delinquency involvement between males and females in Edmonton |
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Sampson and Laub 2003 |
- interviews with male delinquents and non delinquents track them until age 70 - from 17-25 those who developed adult social bonds including stable jobs and cohesive marriages were less likely to be involved in criminality than peers who did not -men who had been involved in criminality encountered turning points that marked a transition in their lives |
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Walter Mischel Marshmallow Self Control Study |
- Delay gratification: give child marshmallow tell them they can have another one of if they wait for him to come back without eating first one -those able to delay were doing better in school, had fewer behavioural problems, better coping skills, higher college entrance test scores, and less illicit drug use - ability to delay gratification also associated with lower levels of aggression, higher self esteem and less involvement in bullying |
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Family Relationships 1. Strength of Family Ties |
- strong ties important for development of social bonds- children who care about what their parents think less likely to become involved in delinquency - warm, affectionate family relationships are associated with low rates of delinquency. |
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2. Parental Supervision and Discipline |
- kids adequately supervised and disciplined appropriately by parents have lower delinquency rates
- importance of parents knowing what their kids are doing and ensuring they play with suitable people |
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Study in Montreal/Edmonton |
- found that supervision was mores strongly related to delinquency than any other family variable - closely related to supervision is PARENTAL DISCIPLINE-- disapproval by ppl one cares about is the most powerful sanctions - Strict discipline especially with harsh physical punishment results in higher rates of delinquency -Moderate punishment more effective in encouraging children to internalize values that will ensure long term compliance |
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Anderson 1984 |
- street oriented parents yell and strike kids without any explanation - this teaches the kids that to solve any kind of interpersonal problem they must resort to hitting or other built behaviour - Hostile parenting/parental harshness was more strongly related to behavioural problems than other factors |
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3. Parental Role Model |
- relationships between the criminality of the parent and that of child Farrington 1973- boys with at least one parent convicted of a criminal offence were more than 2x likely to become delinquent as those who's parents had no convictions -West and Farrington- suggest labelling may also be a factor- an arrest is more likely result in a conviction if a boy came from a criminal family |
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Schooling |
- plays primary role in socialization and is important determinant of delinquency - those who are successful and who enjoy their educational experience, school provides a stake in conformity, those who fail do not have this stake and more likely obtuse involved in delinquency - |
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School affects Delinquency in Two Ways: |
1. school has taken over many of the occupation socialization functions formerly performed by the family 2. school is related to delinquency through its effects on children's daily lives - |
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Religion |
- EARLY studies believe strong religious commitment less likely to commit crimes HIRSCHI- religiosity is NOT related to delinquency - Start, Doyle, Kent- no relationships between religiosity and delinquency had been conducted in communities where religious participation was low |
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Religion |
- while studies that DID find a relationships between religiosity and delinquency- conducted in communities that had HIGH religious participation (UTAH- highly religious, Seattle- Not religious- the relationships between attending church and not being involved in delinquency much stronger in UTAH than Seattle. |
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Religious Results |
religiosity is related to reduced levels of involvement in crime and delinquency in communities where religious is important - but not in highly secularized communities |
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Individualistic |
- Theory that focuses on explaining the behaviour of individuals and using factors or features of the individual in explaining this behaviour - rather than assuming religious affects deviance through individuals fear of religious sanctions- they suggest that religion only serves to bind ppl to moral order if religious influences permeate the culture and the social interactions of the individuals in question |
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Wright, Vaughn, Maynard 2014- |
found that religion has as strong an impact on young adults as it does on adolescents and is an important deterrent for both males and females - research also suggests that offenders are able to rationalize their behaviour with religion |
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How does Control Theory Explain Upper World Crime Hagan 1985- Analysis of Watergate Cover Up in US |
- involved effort by US govt officiaals to conceal their involvement in an unsuccessful plot to break into the offices of the Democratic National Committee -event lead to the resignation of Richard Nixon - politicants and business leaders rarely receive more than token punishment for illegal activities are are more likely to see they behaviour only technically wrong than to see it as criminal |
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watergate Cont'd |
- situational controls operating at the time of watergate offences were inadequate - white house aids manipulated funds for personal and criminal political reasons with little expectation of detection - little expectation of detection because the criminals were in control of the Legal institutions! |
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The Role of Delinquent Peers |
- tie to deviant peers strongly correlated to delinquency |
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Sorenson, Brownfield 1995 |
- ties to delinquent peers were a better predictor of drugs use among young ppl than several measures of social control |
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Thornberry 1993 |
- youths were more likely to have committed delinquent acts while they were active members of juvenile gangs than they were either before or after their gang membership |
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Laub/ Sampson 2003 |
- following young boys until they turned 70 that deviant peers had a strong influence on lives of men who became persistent offenders |
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Control- Differential Association Model |
- More consistent with control theory than with Differential Association - does not necessarily entail the strong element of normative approval required by Sutherland's cultural deviance perspective - delinquent boys may try to look bad or tough in from of the group, even though they may express different views privately, because each believes others are committed to such values |
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Is Control Theory a Conservative theory of crime? |
- CT emphasizes immediate environment but they have not considered the political and economic structures of their communities - Shaw and McKay- point out the importance of community variables in the development of social bonds - CT provides a link between society and individual that structural theories lack - CT focuses on individuals relationships with social institutions, structural factors condition those relationships |
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The Mashuau Innu of Davis Inlet |
- kids wanting to kill selves by sniffing gas -Utshimassits- not a very good town, looks like 3rd world refugee camp, no houses have running water or drainage, - the cultural and social disintegration of it caused by their past and current relationships with Canadian society - No economic opportunities |
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Policy Implications of Control Theory The Family |
- Gerald Patterson, Oregon Social LEarning Centre- Antisocial acts that are not punished tend to persist, the key to changing the behaviour of these troublesome children was to punish their misdeads - parental supervision and disciplinary practices were strongly related to delinquent behaviour |
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Paterson's key 3 Steps to punishment |
1. monitor Childs behaviour 2. recognize deviant behaviour when it occurs 3. punish such behaviour |
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Key |
- key is not simply the punishment is it is HOW to punish the children - taught parents to shape children behaviour by using non physical punishment and rewarding good conduct |
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Tremblay 1991 |
- similar program, preventative treatment provided for kindergarten boys in low income communities - treatment taught social skills, trained parents to be consistent and constructive toward their children |
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PCIT |
parent child interaction therapy - shown significant impacts on parents and children, parenting skills improved and children's behaviour improved |
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The School and Social Policy Schafer and Polk |
- school's fail youth in two ways: 1. Fail to offset intial handicaps of lower income and minority groups 2 actively contributes to the education failure and deterioration |
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Rutter and Giller |
- factors differentiating good from bad schools- standards and values set - degree to which students are allowed to participate in decision making, school and class size, staff turnover and the degree of concentration of intellectually and social disadvantaged pupils |
