Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many pairs of chromosomes? |
23 |
|
|
Chromosome |
Threadlike structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material |
|
|
Autosomes |
First 22 pairs of chromosomes (matching) |
|
|
Sex chromosomes |
23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the child |
|
|
Deoyribonucleic acid |
DNA Molecule compound of four nucleotide bases that is the biochemical basis of heredity |
|
|
Nucleic bases in DNA |
Adenine, thymine guanine, cytosine |
|
|
Gene |
group of nucleotide bases that provide a specific set of biochemical instructions |
|
|
Genotype |
person's hereditary makeup |
|
|
Phenotype |
physical, behavioural, and psychological features that result from the interaction between one's genes and the environment |
|
|
Alleles |
variations of genes |
|
|
Homozygous |
When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same |
|
|
Heterozygous |
When the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other |
|
|
Dominant gene |
form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed |
|
|
Recessive gene |
Allele whose instructions are ignored when it is combined with a dominant allele |
|
|
Look at slide RE: example of dominant and recessive alleles: sickle-cell |
do it |
|
|
incomplete dominance |
situation in which one allele does not dominate another completely |
|
|
Sicke-cell trait |
disorder inw which individuals show signs of mild anemia when they are deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele |
|
|
Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
Inherited disorder inw which the infant lacks a liver enzyme Affects ability to break down the protein phenylalanine; which is neurotoxic if it accumulates This is a recessive trait |
|
|
Huntington's disease |
Progressive and fatal type of dementia This is a dominant trait |
|
|
Most common chromosomal disorder is |
Trisomy 21 AKA Down syndrome |
|
|
Klinefelter's Syndrome |
XXY Male, tall, small testicles, sterile, below-normal intelligence, passive XXY complement (XYY) male, tall, some cases show below normal intelligence |
|
|
Turner's syndrome |
X female, short, limited development of secondary sex characteristics, problems perceiving spatial relations XXX syndrome female, normal structure, delayed motor and language development |
|
|
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) |
rare genetic disorder in which seven genes on chromosome 15 are deleted or not expressed low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviours and a chronic feeling of hunger |
|
|
PWS con't |
For the genes affected in PWS, it is the maternalcopy that is usually imprinted or silenced, while themutated paternal copy is not func5onal. In otherwords, most people have a single working copy ofthese genes, people with PWS have a non-workingcopy and a silenced copy. PWS has the sister syndrome Angelman syndrome, inwhich maternal derived gene5c material is affectedin the same genetic region. |
|
|
Neuro-cognitive |
At risk for learning and aden5on difficulties 5%: IQ above 85 (average to low average) 27%: IQ 70-85 (borderline) 39%: IQ 50-70 (mild intellectual disability) 27%: IQ 35-50 (moderate intellectual disability) 1%: IQ 20-35 (severe intellectual disability) <1%: IQ<20 (profound intellectual disability) |
|
|
Behavioural genetics |
the branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioural and psychological traits |
|
|
Polygenic inheritance |
when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes |
|
|
Monozygotic twins |
identical twins; result from a single fertilized egg that splits into two |
|
|
Dizygotic twins |
Fraternal twins; result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two sperm |
|
|
Reaction range |
a genotype is manifested in reaction to the environment where development takes place, so a single genotype can lead to a range of phenotypes |
|
|
Niche-picking |
process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup |
|
|
Non shared environmental influences |
forces within a family that make siblings different from one another |
|
|
prenatal development |
the many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human |
|
|
how long is prenatal development |
about 38 weeks zygote - (weeks 1-2) embryo - (weeks 3-8) fetus - (weeks 9-38) |
|
|
Zygote week 1 week 2 |
During the first week after fertilization, travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus The second week involves IMPLANTATION, the step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections within a woman's blood vessels |
|
|
Germ disc |
Small cluster of cells near the centre of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby |
|
|
Placent |
Structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing child |
|
|
Embryo - three layers |
Ectoderm - outer later that will become hair, epidermis, nervous system Mesoderm - middle layer that becomes the muscles, bones and circulatory system Endoderm - inner layer which will become the lungs and the digestive system |
|
|
Amnion |
Inner sac in which the developing child rests |
|
|
Amniotic fluid |
Fluid that surrounds the embryo or fetus |
|
|
Umbilical cord |
structure containing veins and arteries that connects the developing child to the placenta |
|
|
Embryonic growth periods: |
Cephalocaudal principle - sequence of growth occurs from the head down Proximodistal principle - sequence of growth progress from inner to outer parts of the body |
|
|
Period of the fetus |
Longest period Great increase in size and weight during this period |
|
|
Development of the cerebral cortex occurs when |
during weeks 9-38 |
|
|
Major development during period of the fetus at three months |
the tests in a male fetus secrete a hormone that causes development of a penis and scrotum Females lack this hormone; thus develop a vagina and a labia |
|
|
Major development during period of the fetus at five and six months |
Eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp hair emerge |
|
|
Lanugo |
Fine, silky hair that covers most of the surface of a fetus and is mostly shed prior to birth |
|
|
Vernix |
Substance that protects the fetus's skin during development |
|
|
Age of viability |
Age at which a fetus can survive beanies most of its bodily system function adequately; typically 7 months after conception |
|
|
Issues that a preterm baby may face |
trouble breathing due to immature lungs difficulty with thermoregulation because insulation layer of fat hasn't appeared |
|
|
During weeks 9-38 the fetus is |
more active and develops regular cycles of activity and inactivity A more active fetus is somewhat more likely to be a difficult baby |
|
|
Sense begin to function during this period |
weeks 9-38 period of the fetus |
|
|
Three general risk factors have been identified in regards to pregnancy |
nutrition stress mother's age |
|
|
nutrition during pregnany |
food intake should be adequate to maintain a healthy weight; usually with a 25-35 pound weight gain (if start weight was healthy) |
|
|
Spina bifida |
Disorder in which the embryo's neural tube does not close properly Can result from a diet lacking folate |
|
|
Foods to avoid during pregnancy |
raw fish undercooked meat raw or lightly cooked eggs unpasteurized milk or juice raw sprouts |
|
|
stress during pregnancy |
the body secretes hormones that reduce the flow of oxygen to the fetus and increase her own heart rate and activity level |
|
|
stress during pregnancy con't |
immune system is weakened, making her more susceptible to illness; which can be damaging to fetal development |
|
|
stress during pregnancy |
She is more likely to smoke or drink alcohol, and less likely to rest, exercise and eat well |
|
|
Young moms are at a higher risk for |
poor nutrition/poor prenatal care incomplete maternal education poverty marital/relationship difficulties |
|
|
Teratogen |
Agent that causes abnormal prenatal development drugs diseases environmental hazards |
|
|
Aspirin use during pregnancy is linked with especially heavy use |
difficulties in intelligence, attention and motor skills |
|
|
caffeine consumption during pregnancy is linked with especially heavy use |
lower birth weight, decreased muscle tone |
|
|
Cocaine and herion during pregnancy can |
delay growth, and cause irritability in newborns |
|
|
marijuana use during pregnancy results in |
lower birth weight, less motor control |
|
|
nicotine use during pregnancy results in |
lower birth weight, possible cognitive impairments |
|
|
FAS |
disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant results in problems with growth and cognition / facial abnormalities |
|
|
FASD |
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder |
|
|
Diseases mom has that can affect baby |
AIDS chlamydia (preterm birth, LBW, eye inflammation) Chicken pox (spontaneous abortion, developmental and intellectual delays) Cytomegalovirus (deafness, blindness, small head, intellectual delay) |
|
|
Diseases mom has that can affect baby - Con't |
Genital herpes (encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting) Rubella (intellectual delay, damage to eyes, ears, heart) Syphilis - Damage to the CNS, teeth, bones Toxoplasmosis (damage to the eye, brain, learning disabilities) |
|
|
Environmental hazards to fetus |
lead (intellectual impairment) Mercury (plysical and intellectual development delay, cerebral palsy) |
|
|
review how teratogens influence prenatal development - chart |
do it
|
|
|
ultrasound
|
prenatal diagnostic technique that bounces sound waves off the fetus to generate an image of the fetus
|
|
|
how soon can you have an ultrasound
|
4 or 5 weeks
|
|
|
when can a baby's sex be determined
|
by weeks 16-20
|
|
|
amniocentesis
|
prenatal diagnostic technique that involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid through the abdomen using a syringe
results in 2 weeks 1% risk of miscarriage |
|
|
chorionic cillus sampling (CVS)
|
prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion
9-12wk after conception results in 7-10 days 2% chance of miscarriage |
|
|
fetal medicine |
field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth |
|
|
stages of labour - stage 1 |
usually lasts 12-24 hours for first birth, uterus begins progressively stronger contractions, service dilates to about 10c |
|
|
stages of labour - stage 2 |
lasts about an hour; baby passes through the cervix and vagina, with help from mom contracting muscles in her abdomen |
|
|
crowning |
appearance of the top of the baby's head during labour |
|
|
stages of labour - stage 3 |
lasts a few minutes; mom pushes a few more times to expel the placenta, or afterbirth. |
|
|
postpartum depression occurs in ___% of new mothers |
10-15% |
|
|
symptoms of postpartum depression |
irritability feelings of low self worth disturbed sleep poor appetite apathy |
|
|
hypoxia |
a birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen can lead to intellectual impairment/death |
|
|
caesarean section |
surgical removal of infant from the uterus through an incision made in the mothers abdomen sometimes necessary if fetus is in distress, is in an irregular position or has a head too large for vaginal delivery |
|
|
preterm babies |
babies born before the 36th week after conception often lag behind full term infants in development in the first year of life can usually catch up by year three |
|
|
low birth weight |
weight of less than 5 pounds in a newborn |
|
|
very low birth weight |
weight of less than 3 pounds in a newborn |
|
|
extremely low birthweight |
newborns who weigh less than 2 pounds |
|
|
infant mortality |
the number of infants out of 1,000 births who die before their first birthday Canada's - 5 for every 1,000 births |
