Chapter 7

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John Hancock

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Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers,” he was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant in 1776 who was important in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ringleader in storing gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord. These battles began the American Revolution

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Lord North

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1770's-1782, King George III's stout prime minister (governor during Boston Tea Party) in the 1770's. Lord North's rule fell in March of 1782, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while.

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George Grenville

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The British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To obtain funds for Britain after the costly Seven Years’ War, in 1763 he ordered the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws, and in 1764 he got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act, which increased duties on sugar imported from the West Indies. He also, in 1765, brought about the Quartering Act, which forced colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers, who many colonists believed were only present to keep the colonists in line. In 1765, he imposed the Stamp Act, which put taxes on everything from newspapers to marriage licenses. These measures disgruntled the colonists, created anger towards the mother country, unified them, and helped provide the beginnings of the American Revolution.

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Samuel Adams

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Often called the "Penman of the Revolution,” he was a master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion. Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader who was very aware and sensitive to the rights of the colonists. He organized the local Committees of Correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772. These committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonists by spreading propaganda.

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Charles Townshend

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He was in control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations imposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonists were very much against and was a near start for rebellions to take place.

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John Adams

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Patriot of the American Revolution and second president of the U.S. from 1796-1800. He attended the Continental Congress in 1774 as a delegate from Georgia. He swayed his countrymen to take revolutionary action against England which later gained American independence from the English.

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King George III

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He was king of England in the 1770's. Though he was a good man, he was not a good ruler. He lost all of the 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom.

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Baron Von Steuben

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A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British

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Mercantilism

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Economic theory that simply states a nation’s power is determined by its wealth in gold. According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other products needed in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government

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“No Taxation without Representation"

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This is a theory of popular government that developed in England. This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonists declared that they had no one representing them in Parliament, so Parliament had no right to tax them. England continued to tax the colonists causing them to deny Parliament's authority completely. Thus, the colonists began to consider their own political independence. This eventually led to revolutionary consequences

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Royal Veto

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A royal veto was when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists even though it was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws

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Internal/External Taxation

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Internal taxation were taxes on goods within the colonies and acted much like 2 a sales tax. The Stamp Act of 1765 is an example of internal taxation. External taxation applied to imports into the colonies. The merchant importing the good paid the tax on it, much like the Sugar Act of 1764. Colonists were more accepting of external taxation and more opposed to internal taxation.

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"Virtual" representation

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Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament

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Boycott

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To abstain from using, buying, or dealing with; labor unions, consumer groups, countries boycott products to force a company or government to change its politics. Also called “non-importation.” Was the top weapon of “The Association.”

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The Boards of Trade

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An English legislative body, based in London, that was instituted for the governing and economic control of the American colonies. It lacked many powers, but kept the colonies functioning under the mercantile system while its influence lasted. The height of the Boards' power was in the late 1690's

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Sons of Liberty

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An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 1765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements

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Quebec Act

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After the French and Indian War, the English had claim to the Quebec Region, a Frenchspeaking area. Because of the cultural difference, England had a dilemma on what to do with the region. The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed the French colonists to go back freely to their own customs. The colonists had the right to worship the Catholic faith freely. Also, it extended to the Quebec region south into the Ohio River Valley. It also said the area did not have to have a trial by jury (which was the French traditional norm). The American colonists felt betrayed because (1) Catholic lands grew, (2) the Proclamation Line of 1763 forbade English/American settlement (and wasn’t that why they’d fought the French and Indian War anyway?), and (3) the Americans felt the right to trial by jury was under attack. The Quebec Act created more tension between the colonists and the British and helped lead to the American Revolution

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Navigation Acts

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Starting in 1650 and into the early 1700s, the British passed a series of laws to put pressure on the colonists known as the Navigation Acts. For example, an early act said that all goods must be shipped in colonial or English ships, and all imports to colonies must be on colonial or English ships or the ships of the producer. A 1660 version enumerated articles, such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton, saying they could only be exported to England from the colonies. A 1663 version of the Navigation Acts known as the “Staple Act of 1663” said all imports to the colonies must go through England. A 1673 add-on to the Staple Act collected tax from imports to the colonies for England. In 1696 the last act of the Navigation Acts, at least in theory, enforced all of the Navigation Acts, and established penalties for violators. Also, it established admiralty courts in the colonies for prosecuting violations

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Molasses Act of 1733

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This act placed a tax on molasses which was a major commodity from the West Indies. It coincides with the Navigation Acts in that they were both manifestations of the British policies of mercantilism. It was the first of many taxes that came later on

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Sugar Act

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In 1764, this act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered.

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Quartering Act

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Law passed by Britain to force colonists to pay taxes to house and feed British soldiers. Passed in the same few years as the Navigation Laws of 1763, the Sugar Act of 1764, and the Stamp Act of 1765, it stirred up even more resentment for the British. The legislature of New York was suspended in 1767 for failing to comply with the Quartering Act

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Stamp Act

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In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament 3 repealed the Stamp Act, a major victory for colonists

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Stamp Act Congress

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Meeting which met in New York City with twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies in 1765. It had little effect at the time but broke barriers and helped move toward colonial unity. The act was repealed in 1766

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Declaratory Act

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In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act. However, it stated that Britain still had the right to tax (which it would continue to use)

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Townshend Acts

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In 1767, "Champagne Charley" Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation

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Admiralty courts

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Offenders of the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 were tried in courts with no juries where the defendant was presumed guilty until proven innocent. Americans felt their basic rights as Englishmen were being violated, and the animosity created fuel for independence from England

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Committees of Correspondence

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A letter-writing network. Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and critical in building and creating a revolutionary spirit amongst the Americans. Also, the Committees of Correspondence were a predecessor of the Continental Congress. It was the men on the Committee who later were in the Congress

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First Continental Congress

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The Congress was a convention and a consultative body that met for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in Philadelphia. It was the Americans’ response to the Intolerable Acts and considered ways of redressing colonial grievances. All the colonies except Georgia sent 55 distinguished men in all. John Adams persuaded his colleagues to move closer to revolution and they wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to the British American colonies, the king, and British people. The Congress created The Association which called for a complete boycott of English goods. The Association was the closest thing to a written constitution until the Constitution. As time wore on, the peaceful petitions were rejected which created a pathway to revolution

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“The Association”

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A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation (boycotts), non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered

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Boston Tea Party

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A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament where he Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed up like Indians and raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. As a result, the Massachusetts charter was taken away

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Intolerable Acts

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Passed in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party, that were considered unfair because they were designed to chastise Boston in particular, yet affected all the colonies by the Boston Port Act which closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid

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Loyalists (Tories)

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Colonials loyal to the king during the American Revolution

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Continental

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The name Continental is associated to two congresses. The first is in 1774 and the second is in 1775. They both took place in Philadelphia. The Continental Congress brought the leaders of the thirteen colonies together. This was the beginning of our national union

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Republicanism

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Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue; influential in 18th century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule

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Radical Whigs

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18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power; their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alter to encroachments on their rights

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Nonimportation agreements

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Boycotts against British goods and adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts; agreements were most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies

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The Association (1774)

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Nonimportation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods

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Lexington and Concord (April 1775)

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First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston; the colonial militia successfully defended their stores and munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston

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Valley Forge (1777-1778)

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Encampment where George Washington’s poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter; hundreds of men dies and more than a thousand deserted; the plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army—a lack of stable supplies and munitions

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Crispus Attacks (1723-1770)

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Runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in the “Boston Massacre,” in which Attucks was first to die

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George III (1738-1820)

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British monarch during the run-up to the American Revolution; George III contributed to the imperial crisis with his dogged insistence on asserting Britain’s power over her colonial possessions

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Thomas Hutchinson (1711-1780)

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Royal governor of MA during the run-up to the Revolution; misjudged colonial zeal during the Tea Act controversy and insisted that East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor, thereby prompting the Boston Tea Party

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Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834)

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French nobleman who served as major general in the colonial army during the American Revolution and aided the newly independent colonies securing French support

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Baron von Steuben (1730-1794)

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German-born inspector general of the Continental Army who helped train the novice colonial militia in the art of warfare

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Lord Dunmore (ca.1730-1809)

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Royal governor of Virginia, who in 1775, promised freedom to runaway slaves who joined the British army