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269 Cards in this Set
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Deals with the structures or morphology (shape) of body parts, and the relationship of these parts.
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Anatomy
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That which can be seen with the naked eye.
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Gross Anatomy
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That which requires a microscope, the morphology of tissues.
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Histology
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The study of cells.
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Cytology
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Deals with the function of parts and systems.
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Physiology
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An organized grouping of protons, neutrons and electrons.
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Atom
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An orderly combining of atoms, either of identical or different, but compatible atoms.
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Molecules
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Very large groupings of smaller molecules.
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Macromolecule
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What would be an example of a Macromolecule?
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H2O or CO2
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Made of aggregations of macromolecules that organize to perform specialized functions within cells.
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Organelle
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This term means "little organ" or "organs of the cell."
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Organelle
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This is the basic unit of life, the smallest structure of the body that is sustainable by itself.
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Cell
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TRUE/FALSE
Organelles are self sufficient. |
FALSE
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TRUE/FALSE
Cells are self sufficient. |
TRUE
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Cells are self sufficient as long as they are supplied with the necessities of ________.
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Life
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Cells are self sufficient as long as they are supplied with the ___________ of life.
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necessities
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Cells are typically fully functional due to the presence of __________.
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organelles
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A grouping of the same kind of cells in layers or masses that have a common function.
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Tissue
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Groups of different tissue, usually two or more, often four, comprise these.
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Organs
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Organs are groups of different tissues usually ___ or more, often four.
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2+
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Organs are groups of different tissues, usually two or more, often _____.
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Four
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A group of organs that function closely together.
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Organ System
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Name one example of an organ system.
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Digestive System
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This is the entire compliment of systems working together harmoniously.
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Organism
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Two non-invasive diagnostic procedures that provide images of soft internal structures.
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Ultrasound & Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Functions by using high frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer into the tissues, which then bounce back and are registered, interpreted by the instrument and displayed on a video screen.
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Ultrasound
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Generates an intense magnetic field in which the patient is placed. This alters the alignment and spin of certain types of atoms while a second, rotating, magnetic field causes particular types of atoms (H) to release weak radio waves with characteristic frequencies, which are then picked up by sensors and a computer forms an image out of the data collected.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Change in position or location, or motion of an internal organ.
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Movement
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The ability to react to a change inside or outside the body. (Irratability)
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Responsiveness
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Increase in size without a change in shape.
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Growth
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Can multiply/produce a new organism or cells.
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Reproduction
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Utilization of oxygen, or carbon dioxide and releasing energy from cells and removing the waste products.
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Respiration
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Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms and the utilization of those products.
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Digestion
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The passage of substances through membranes into body fluids.
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Absorption
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Movement of substances from place to place in body fluids.
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Circulation
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Changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms.
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Assimlation
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Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
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Excretion
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Everything an organism does (all the characteristics of life) depends on physical and chemical changes that occur within the body parts.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all processes (esp. chemical) going on within the body.
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Metabolism
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The building up of larger chemical molecules from smaller ones.
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Anabolism
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Chemical process resulting in smaller molecules from larger ones.
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Catabolism
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Organ system. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
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Integumentary System
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Organ system that protects, regulates temperature, supports sensory receptors, prevents drying and provides mechanical protection.
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Integumentary System
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Organ system. Bones, ligaments and cartilages.
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Skeletal system
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Organ system. Framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, stores inorganic salts.
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Skeletal system
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Organ system. Muscles.
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Muscular system
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Organ system. Causes movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
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Muscular system
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Organ system. Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs.
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Nervous system
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Awareness of external and internal environment, detects changes, receives and interprets sensory info., stimulates muscles and glands.
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Nervous system
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Organ system. Glands that have no ducts that secrete hormones. (ex: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal and thymus)
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Endocrine
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Organ system. Controls metabolic activities of body structures.
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Endocrine system
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Organ system. Heart, arteries, capillaries & veins.
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Cardiovascular system
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Organ system. Moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout body.
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Cardiovascular system
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Organ system. Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lacteals.
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Lymphatic system
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Organ system. Returns fluid to the blood, carries certain absorbed food & waste molecules, defends the body against infection.
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Lymphatic system
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Organ system. Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines.
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Digestive system
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Organ system. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
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Respiratory system
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Organ system. Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood.
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Respiratory system
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Organ system. Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
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Urinary system
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Organ system. Removes waste from blood, maintains water, fluid, and electrolyte balance, stores and transports urine.
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Urinary system
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Organ system. Scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra & penis.
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Male Reproductive System
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Organ system. Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva.
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Female Reproductive System
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Organ system. Produces and maintains egg cells, revieves sperm cells and supports development of an embryo and function in the birth process.
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Female Reproductive System
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The medium of exchange and metabolism in all living things.
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Water
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Raw materials for the production of substances for life processes.
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Food
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Helps release energy from food substances.
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Oxygen (Gases for respiration)
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Provides the basic level of energy required for metabolic activities.
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Heat
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Regulates the rate of metabolic processes.
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Heat
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Provides a gradient for exchange and/or movement of substances.
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Pressure
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We are made up of 70 (thousand/million/billion/trillion) cells.
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Trillion
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We are made up of ___ Trillion cells.
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70
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The name we give the organism's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment - regardless of the changes of the external/internal environment.
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Homeostasis
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The most important concept in physiology.
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Homeostasis
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Many of the tests run in hospitals are done for the purpose of assessing ___________.
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Homeostasis
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Provide information about specific conditions or stimuli in the internal environment.
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Receptors
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Includes a set point and tells the system what a particular value should be.
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Control Center
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In the control center, the set point has within it a variable range of values to be maintained which provides some tolerance and "_______ __________" so the system isn't continually reacting and can have some peace.
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Wiggle Room
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Muscles or glands which affect an appropriate corrective response internally.
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Effectors
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What are the two means of communication needed to operate the homeostatic control mechanisms?
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Positive and Negative Feedback
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(TRUE/FALSE) Monitor and control systems are communicated through positive feedback.
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False,
(+) & (-) feedback. |
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This signals the system to act in a manner opposite the deviation. Most systems in the body utilize this type of monitoring and control system.
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Negative Feedback system
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This signals the system to act in like manner of the deviation and increases the departure from normal status until halted by an appropriate condition. Only a few systems in the body utilize this type of monitoring and control system.
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Positive Feedback system
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Negative feedback system signals the system to act in a/an (opposite/like) manner of the deviation.
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Opposite
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Positive feedback system signals the system to act in a/an (opposite/like) manner of the deviation.
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Like
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Blood sugar and body temperature are an example of (Positive/Negative) feedback.
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Negative
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Blood clotting and child birth are an example of (Positive/Negative) feedback.
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Positive
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What are the two major portions the body is divided into?
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Axial and Appendicular
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Head, neck and trunk.
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Axial
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Limbs and internal parts associated with the limbs.
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Appendicular
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Two major cavities of the axial portion.
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Dorsal and Ventral
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Towards the back.
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Dorsal
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Towards the front.
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Ventral
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Smaller cavity which contains the cranial cavity.
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Dorsal
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Cavity which houses the brain.
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Cranial
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Cavity containing the spinal cord.
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Vertebral canal
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Nasal, oral, paranasal sinus, orbital middle ear and mastoid sinuses. These cavities are all in this skeleton.
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Axial
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Larger cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Ventral cavity
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These cavities are multiple in nature.
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Ventral cavity
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Contains the lungs and the pleural cavities and the mediastinum and the pericardial cavity.
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Thoracic Cavity
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Cavity between the lungs
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Mediastinum
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A potential cavity that is between two layers of the same serous membrane containing the lungs.
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Pleural cavity
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A cavity within the thoracic cavity that is between the lungs.
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Medianastinum
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Cavity containing the esophagus, trachea, aorta, inferior and superior vena cava, and thymus gland.
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Medianstinum
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Esophagus is in which cavity?
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Medianastinum
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Trachea is in which cavity>
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Medianastinum
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Aorta is in which cavity?
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Medianastinum
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Inferior and superior vena cava are in which cavity?
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Medianastinum
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Thymus gland is in which cavity?
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Medianastinum
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More of a true cavity and contains, without separation, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
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Abnominopelvic cavity
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This muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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Diaphragm
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The muscle of breathing.
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Diaphragm
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This muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The muscle of breathing.
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Diaphragm
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The organs of digestion are located within this cavity.
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Abdominal Cavity
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Stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, lg. & sm. intestines and kidneys are all organs of ___________.
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Digestion
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Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, prostate, uterus and ovaries are all in the _______ portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Pelvic
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These line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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Serous membranes
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Lining the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities these fold back to cover the organs within those cavities.
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Serous membranes
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Superficial layer of serous membranes.
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Parietal layer
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Deeper layer of serous membranes.
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Visceral layer
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Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the periotoneal membranes.
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Peritoneal Cavity
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This serous membrane lines the lungs and walls of the thoracic cavity.
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Pleural Membranes
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This serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Peritoneal Membranes
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Organs that are found outside or behind the peritoneum (tissue that lines abdominal wall) are known as this. The kidneys serve as an example.
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Retroperitoneal
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Pancreas, Great blood and lymph vessels, duodenum and ureters are all organs classified as this membrane.
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Retroperitoneal
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Cavity anterior to the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, in the midline of the thoracic region.
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Pericardial cavity
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This lines the pericardial cavity.
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Perietal pericardium
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Tissue that lines abdominal wall.
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Peritoneum
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Covers parietal pericardium. Thicker, fibrous layer. A total of three layers.
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Fibrous pericardium
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Most superficial layer of the pericardium.
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Fibrous pericardium
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Accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands sebaceous glands and sensory receptors belong to this organ system.
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Integumentary System
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This organ system helps regulate body temperature.
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Integumentary System
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This organ system assists in vitamin D production for the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract.
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Integumentary System
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This organ system keeps moisture in and dirt out.
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Integumentary system
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This organ system uses mechanical protection.
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Integumentary System
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The bones, ligaments, joints and cartilages belong to this organ system.
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Skeletal system
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This organ system provides a framework for the attachment of muscles.
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Skeletal system
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This organ system provides rigidity of the thorax for breathing.
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Skeletal system
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This organ system protects inner organs.
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Skeletal system
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This organ system is used in blood production.
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Skeletal system
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This organ system is used in mineral storage in the form of inorganic salts.
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Skeletal system
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Organ system responsible for movement of the body parts.
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Muscular system
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This organ system is responsible for movement of substances through the body, including material through the gastrointestinal tract.
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Muscular system
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This organ system moves blood through vessels, deglutition (swallowing).
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Muscular system
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This organ system is responsible for retention of wastes until disposal.
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Muscular system
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This organ system is responsible for child birth.
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Muscular system
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This organ system is responsible for the production of the majority of body heat.
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Muscular system
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This organ system is responsible for the mechanical protection/padding of the body.
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Muscular system
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In extreme conditions, this organ system is responsible for the protein for energy.
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Muscular system
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This organ system integrates and coordinates almost every part of the body with all other parts.
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Nervous system
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These two organ systems almost entirely maintain homeostasis.
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Nervous and Endocrine system
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This organ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs.
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Nervous system
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This organ system uses electrochemical signals to communicate with organs and tissues quite distant with great rapidity.
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Nervous system
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This organ system stimulates and regulates many glands and body processes both directly and indirectly.
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Nervous system
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These glands secrete chemical messengers,called hormones into the bloodstream for transport to specific receptor sites on "target cells"
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Ductless glands
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Chemical messengers secreted from ductless glands.
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hormones
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Hormones are secreted in to the bloodstream for transport to receptor sites known as.
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Target Cells
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This organ system involves ductless glands used in the production and transport of hormones to target cells.
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Endocrine system
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Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands, ovaries, testes pineal and thymus glands all belong to this organ system.
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Endocrine system
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Organ system which mediates much of the immune response via antibodies and leukocytes (white blood cells)
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Cardiovascular system
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Organ system which mediates fluid balance and delivery circulating approximately 5 liters of fluid continuously.
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Cardiovasular system
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White blood cells are known as ___________.
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Leukocytes
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Leukocytes are _______ ______ __________.
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White blood cells
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The cardiovascular system circulates approximately ____ Liters of fluid continuously.
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5
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Organ system which mediates much of the hormone transport (delivers hormones to target cells)
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Cardiovascular system
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Organ system which mediates much of the nutrient and waste delivery and removal through basic transport of substances and wastes.
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Cardiovascular system
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Organ system which mediates much of the gas transport (carries oxygen to the tissues from the lungs and carbon dioxide to the lungs from the tissues)
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Cardiovascular system
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This organ system includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
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Cardiovascular system
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This organ system includes the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lacteals.
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system drains fluid from the tissues by removing the excess extracellular fluid left by capillaries.
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system is part of the immune system.
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system carries WBC's to their destination.
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system includes organs that produces immunological cells (lymph nodes).
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system includes organs that process immunological cells (spleen).
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system includes organs that condition immunological cells (thymus).
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Lymphatic system
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This organ system includes organs that house the immunilogical cells. (tonsils)
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Lymphatic system
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Immunilogical cells are known as _____________.
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Lymph nodes
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This organ processes immunological cells (lymph nodes)
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Spleen
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This organ conditions immunological cells (lymph nodes).
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Thymus
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This organ houses immunological cells (lymph nodes)
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Tonsils
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This organ system carries fatty substances away from the digestive system.
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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic capillaries that project into the villi of the intestinal mucosa and absorb fat.
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Lacteals
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This organ system carries fatty substances away from the digestive system through the use of lacteals.
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Lymphatic System
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System involved with digestion and assimilation.
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Digestive System
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This organ system eliminates wastes from the body.
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Digestive System
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This organ system includes the mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas, gall bladder and the small and large intestine.
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Digestive System
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Organ system involved in the transport of gases into and out of the body.
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Respiratory System
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This organ system includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii and lungs.
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Respiratory System
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This system cleanses the blood of many waste products of metabolism, concentrates them and excretes them.
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Urinary System
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This organ system is referred to as the organs of elimination.
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Urinary System
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Organs known as the most homeostatic organ in the body.
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Kidneys
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This organ system is responsible for pH, electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis.
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Urinary System
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Purpose of this organ system is to produce progeny.
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Reproductive System
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Organs: scrotum, testes, epidymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra and penis all belong to this system.
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Male reproductive system
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Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vestibular glands and vulva.
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Female reproductive system
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Above another body part (toward the head)
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Superior
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Below another body part
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Inferior
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Toward the front
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Anterior
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Toward the back
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Posterior
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Toward the midline from a referenced body part.
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Medial
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Toward the side, or away from the midline, or a referenced body part.
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Lateral
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On the same side of the body as the referenced part.
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Ipsilateral
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On the opposite side of the body as the referenced part.
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Contralateral
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Closer to the trunk. Used when discussing the extremities.
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Proximal
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Im a"proxim"ately there. I'm close.
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Farther from the trunk. Used when discussing the extremities.
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Distal
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I'm a pretty far "dista"nce away.
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Near, or closer to the surface from a referenced body part.
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Superficial
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Closer to the surface. Rather than centrally located (as opposed to PNS rather than CNS)
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Peripheral
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Opposite of superficial. Deeper in the body than the referenced part.
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Deep
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A lengthwise "cut" that divides the body into right and left portions.
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Sagittal
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A "Cut" referring to a midline division into equal parts.
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Midsaggittal
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A horizontal "cut" that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
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Transverse
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Refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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Coronal
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When you drink Corona you sway "forward" and "backward"
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This cylindrical "cut" is done directly across the part at 90 degrees from the longitudal axis.
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Cross Section
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This cylindrical "cut" is done on an angle across the part in relation to the longitudal axis.
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Oblique section
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This cylindrical "cut" cut is done along the long axis of the part.
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Longitudal
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How many body regions are there?
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9
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This region is the middle upper portion.
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Epigastric Region
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These regions are the upper left and right regions.
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Hypochondriac regions
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Central region right below the epigastric region.
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Umbilical region
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Middle right and left regions.
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Lumbar region
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Named for the lumbar spine
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Lower middle (central) portion
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Hypogastric region
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Named for being under the belly. (gassy)
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Lower right and left regions
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Iliac or Inguinal regions
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Named for the large bones nearby.
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How many body quadrants are there?
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4
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The right superior quarter of the abdominopelvic region.
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Right upper quadrant
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The right inferior quarter of the abdominopelvic region.
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Right lower quadrant
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The left superior quarter of the abdominopelvic region.
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Left upper quadrant
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The left inferior quarter of the abdominopelvic region.
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Left lower quadrant
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Point of the shoulder.
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Acromial
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Forearm
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Antebrachial
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Space in front of the elbow
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Antecubital
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Armpit
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Axillary
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Arm
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Brachial
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Cheek
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Buccal
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Wrist
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Carpal
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Abdomen
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Celiac
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Head
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Cephalic
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Neck
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Cervical
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Ribs
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Costal
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Hip
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Coxal
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Leg
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Crural
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Elbow
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Cubital
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Finger or toe
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Digital
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Back
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Dorsum
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Thigh
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Femoral
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Forehead
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Frontal
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Reproductive Organs
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Genital
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Buttocks
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Gluteal
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Depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)
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Inguinal
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Region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvic (loin)
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Lumbar
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Breast
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Mammary
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Chin
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Mental
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Nose
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Nasal
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Lower posterior region of the head
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Occipital
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Mouth
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Oral
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Eye Cavity
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Orbital
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Ear
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Otic
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Palm of the hand
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Palmar
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Front of the knee
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Patellar
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Chest
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Pectoral
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Foot
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Pedal
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Pelvis
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Pelvic
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Region between the anus and the external reproductive organs (perineum)
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Perineal
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Sole of the foot
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Plantar
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Area behind the knee
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Popliteal
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Posterior region between the hipbones
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Sacral
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Middle of the thorax, anteriorly
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Sternal
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Calf
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Sural
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Instep of the foot (ankle)
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Tarsal
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Navel
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Umbilical
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Spinal Column
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Vertebral
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