Chapter One

Front 1

"Empowerment"

Back 1

Having resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal.

Front 2

"Source"

Back 2

the public speaker

Front 3

"encode"

Back 3

to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols

Front 4

"code"

Back 4

a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image

Front 5

"message"

Back 5

The content of a speech and the mode of its delivery

Front 6

"decode"

Back 6

to translate verbal and nonverbal symbols into ideas and images

Front 7

"channel"

Back 7

the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to reciever

Front 8

"receiver"

Back 8

a listener or an audience member

Front 9

"external noise"

Back 9

physical sounds that interfere with communication.

Front 10

"internal noise"

Back 10

physiological or psychological interference with communication.

Front 11

"feedback"

Back 11

verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to the speaker

Front 12

"content"

Back 12

the environment or situation in which the speech occurs

Front 13

"rhetoric"

Back 13

the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

Front 14

"declamation"

Back 14

the delivery of an already famous speech

Front 15

"elocution"

Back 15

the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression and voice.

Front 16

"Ways to build confidence"

Back 16

don't procrastinate in preparing the speech, Know your audience, select an appropriate topic, be prepared, organize your speech, know your intro. and conclusion, Practice, deep breathing techniques,channel your nervousness, visualize success, focus on the message not the fear.

Front 17

"speech Topic"

Back 17

the key focus of the content of a speech

Front 18

"general purpose"

Back 18

the overarching goal o a speech-to inform, persuade,or entertain.

Front 19

"specific purpose"

Back 19

a concise statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your listeners to remember, feel, or do when you finish speaking.

Front 20

"central idea"

Back 20

a one-sentence summary of the speech content

Front 21

"main ideas"

Back 21

key points of the speech

Front 22

"invention"

Back 22

the development or discovery of ideas and insights

Front 23

"disposition"

Back 23

the organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations

Front 24

"ethics"

Back 24

the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong

Front 25

"free speech"

Back 25

Legally protected speech or speech acts.

Front 26

"Speech Act"

Back 26

a behavior, such as flag burning, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech

Front 27

"ethical speech"

Back 27

speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant

Front 28

"accommodation"

Back 28

sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people.

Front 29

"plagiarize"

Back 29

to present someone else's words or ideas as though they were your own.

Front 30

"plagiaphrasing"

Back 30

failing to give credit for compelling phrases taken from another source

Front 31

"oral citation"

Back 31

the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication

Front 32

"written citation"

Back 32

the written presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide.

Front 33

"the ethical listener"

Back 33

communicates expectations and feedback is sensitive to and tolerant of differences, listens critically.

Front 34

"select"

Back 34

to single out a message from several competing messages

Front 35

"attend"

Back 35

to focus on incoming information for further processing

Front 36

"understand"

Back 36

to assign meaning to the information to which you attend.

Front 37

"remember"

Back 37

to recall ideas and information

Front 38

"prejudice"

Back 38

preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place thing, or message

Front 39

"receiver apprehension"

Back 39

the fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the spoken messages of others.

Front 40

"listening styles"

Back 40

preferred ways of making sense out of spoken messages

Front 41

"people-oriented listener"

Back 41

Someone who is comfortable listening to others express feelings and emotions.

Front 42

"action-oriented listener"

Back 42

someone who prefers information that is well organized, brief, and accurate

Front 43

"content-oriented listener"

Back 43

Someone who prefers messages that are supported with facts and details.

Front 44

"time-oriented listener"

Back 44

Someone who likes succinct messages

Front 45

"critical listening"

Back 45

evaluating the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by a speaker

Front 46

"critical thinking"

Back 46

making judgements about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear, and read

Front 47

"fact"

Back 47

something that has been proven to be true by direct observation

Front 48

"inference"

Back 48

a conclusion based on partial information, or an evaluation that has not been directly observed

Front 49

"evidence"

Back 49

the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion

Front 50

"logic"

Back 50

a formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion

Front 51

"reasoning"

Back 51

the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence

Front 52

"rhetorical criticism"

Back 52

the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages.

Front 53

"rhetoric"

Back 53

the use of symbols to create meaning to achieve a goal

Front 54

"symbols"

Back 54

words, images, and behaviors that create meaning.

Front 55

"rhetorical strategies"

Back 55

methods and techniques that speakers use to achieve their speaking goals.

Front 56

"demographics"

Back 56

statistical information about the age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and religious views of a audience

Front 57

"open-ended questions"

Back 57

questions that allow for unrestricted answers by not limiting answers to choices or alternatives

Front 58

"closed-ended questions"

Back 58

questions that offer alternatives from which to choose, such as true/false, agree/disagree, or multiple--choice questions.

Front 59

"audience analysis"

Back 59

the process of examining information about those who are expected to listen to a speech

Front 60

"common ground"

Back 60

similarities between a speaker and audience members in attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors.

Front 61

"relationship"

Back 61

an ongoing connection you have with another person

Front 62

"audience adaptation"

Back 62

the process of ethically using information about an audience in order to adapt one's message so that it is clear and achieves the speaking objective

Front 63

"demographic audience analysis"

Back 63

analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message

Front 64

"sex"

Back 64

a person's biological status as male or female, as reflected in his or her anatomy and reproductive system.

Front 65

"gender"

Back 65

the culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of one's self as feminine or masculine.

Front 66

"culture"

Back 66

a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people.

Front 67

"ethnicity"

Back 67

that proportion of a persons cultural background that relates to a national pr religious heritage.

Front 68

"race"

Back 68

a persons biological heritage.

Front 69

"ethnocentrism"

Back 69

the assumption that one's own cultural perspectives and methods are superior to those of other cultures

Front 70

"target audience"

Back 70

a specific segment of an audience that you most want to influence

Front 71

"psychological audience analysis"

Back 71

analyzing the attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience in order to develop a clear and effective message

Front 72

"attitude"

Back 72

an individuals likes or dislikes

Front 73

"belief"

Back 73

an individual's perception of what is true or false

Front 74

"value"

Back 74

enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong.

Front 75

"situational audience analysis"

Back 75

and examination of the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective message

Front 76

"brainstorming"

Back 76

creative problem-solving technique used to generate many ideas.

Front 77

"behavioral objective"

Back 77

wording of a specific purpose in terms of desired audience behavior

Front 78

"Central Ideas"

Back 78

one sentence summary of your speech

Front 79

"blueprint"

Back 79

the central idea of a speech plus a preview of main ideas.

Front 80

"preliminary bibliography"

Back 80

a list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech

Front 81

"five sources of supporting materials"

Back 81

1. personal knowledge/experience
2. web/internet
3. library resources
4. interviews
5. resources from organizations/ government agencies, and special interest groups.

Front 82

"illustration"

Back 82

a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem a speaker is discussing.

Front 83

"brief illustration"

Back 83

an unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long

Front 84

"extended illustration"

Back 84

a detailed example, resembles a story.

Front 85

"hypothetical illustration"

Back 85

an example that might happen but that has not actually occurred.

Front 86

"description"

Back 86

a "word picture" of something

Front 87

"explanation"

Back 87

a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its resent form or existed in its past form.

Front 88

"definition by classification"

Back 88

a "dictionary definition", constructed by first placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and then differentiating it from all other members of that class

Front 89

"operational definition"

Back 89

a statement that shows how something works or what it does

Front 90

"analogy"

Back 90

a comparison between two things

Front 91

"literal analogy"

Back 91

a comparison between two similar things

Front 92

"figurative analogy"

Back 92

a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends

Front 93

"statistics"

Back 93

numerical data that summarize facts or samples

Front 94

"primary source"

Back 94

the original collector and interpreter of information or data

Front 95

"secondary source"

Back 95

an individual, organization, or publication that reports information or data gathered by another entity.

Front 96

"opinion"

Back 96

a statement expressing an individuals attitudes, beliefs, or values.

Front 97

"what types of opinions can you use in speeches?"

Back 97

testimonies of expert authorities, people with firsthand or eyewitness experience, and quotes from literary works.

Front 98

"expert testimony"

Back 98

an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on a subject

Front 99

"lay testimony"

Back 99

an opinion or description offered by a non expert who has first hand experience.

Front 100

"literary quotation"

Back 100

an opinion or description by a writer who speaks in a memorable and often poetic way

Front 101

"topical organization"

Back 101

organization of the natural divisions in a central idea according to recency, primacy, complexity, or the speakers discretion

Front 102

"primacy organization"

Back 102

arrangement of ideas from the most to the least important

Front 103

"recency organization"

Back 103

arrangement of ideas from least to most important

Front 104

"complexity organization"

Back 104

arrangement of ideas from the simple to the more complex

Front 105

"chronological organization"

Back 105

organized by time or sequence

Front 106

"spatial organization"

Back 106

organization based on location or position.

Front 107

"cause and effect organization"

Back 107

organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects.

Front 108

"problem and solution organization"

Back 108

organization focused on a problem and then various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve

Front 109

"soft evidence"

Back 109

supporting material based mainly on opinion or influence; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, and analogies.

Front 110

"hard evidence"

Back 110

factual examples and statisitcs

Front 111

"signpost"

Back 111

a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next

Front 112

"internal summary"

Back 112

a restatement in the body of a speech of ideas that have been developed so far

Front 113

types of signposts:

Back 113

verbal transitions, nonverbal transitions, preview statements, internal previews, final summaries, internal summaries.

Front 114

"final summary"

Back 114

occurs just before the end of a speech, often doing double duty as a transition between the body and the conclusion.

Front 115

"preview statement"

Back 115

gives an audience their first exposure to a speaker's main ides.