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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four primary tissue types?
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1.epitheal tissue
2. Connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. nervous tissue |
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What is Histology?
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it is the microscopic study of tissues
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What is the proces of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes?
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It is called a biopsy. BIO MEANS LIFE!!!! (this just makes me happy, sorry)
EX: Blood samples/cancer samples |
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What is an autopsy?
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An examination of the ogans of a DEAD body to determine the cause of death OR to study the changes caused by disease.
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How do you classify the four main tissue types?
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1. Structure (cell shapes)
2. relation of the cells to one another. 3. The MATRIALS making up the extracellular matrix. |
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Approximately how many days does it take for embryonic stem cells form elongated disk consisting of two layers called the ectoderm AND the endoderm?
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13 or 14
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What does the endorderm form?
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digestive tract and and derivatives.
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What layer forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels?
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MESODERM!!! (yells a deep embodied voice)
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What layer consiststs of the skin?
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ectoderm
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What does the neuroectoderm form?
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The Nervous system!
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Name the five functions of epitheal tissues.
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1. Protecting underlying structures
2. Acting as barriers. 3. Permitting the passage of substances. 4. Secreting Substances 5. Absorbing substances |
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It consists of a single layer of, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.
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simple epithelium
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Stratified epithelium consists of...
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more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer of cells attaches the deepest layer of cells to the basement membrane.
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pseudostrafied columnar epithelium is what?
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special type of simple epithelium . It consists f one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane. There is an appearance of two or more layers of cells because some of the cells are tall and extend to the free surface, whereas others are not tall and do not extend to the free surface.
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Squamous cells look like what?
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cells are flat, scale like
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A group of cells that are cube-shaped and as wide as they are tall.
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Cuboidal
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Cells that are taller than they are wide.
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Columnar
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When giving the name of cells, which do you put first, the shape of the cell, or the number of its layers?
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The number of its layers, than the shape of the cell.
ex.- simple squamous |
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True or False, nonkeratinized tissue is dry stratified squamous epithelium and most commonly found in the skin.
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False, keratinized tissue is dry and found in the skin. Nonkeratinized tissue is moist and most commonly found in places such as the mouth esophagus, rectum, and vagina.
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What is the advantage of keratinized tissue?
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Keritinized tissues give the cells durable, moisture resistant, protective layer.
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What are goblet cell, and what do they do?
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Goblet cells are specialized columnar epithelial cells that contain abundant organelles responsible for synthesis and secretion of mucus, such as ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles filled with mucus.
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True or False. The free surfaces of epitheal tissues can be rough, contain microvilli, bu ciliated or be folded.
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False, the free surface is smooth and it is suppose to remove friction (i.e.- in the blood vessels)
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True or False. Microvilli are nonmotile and contain micro filaments.They are found in places such as the serous membranes or the lining of the small intestine.
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True
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True or False. Stereocilia are elongated microvilli. They are found in sensory structures such as the inner ear and play a role in detecting sound.They are also found in some places where absorption is important such as the epithelium of the epididymis.
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True
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True or False. The respiratory tract contains simple ciliated cuboidal, simple ciliated columnar, simple ciliated squamous, and pseudostratified cilated columnar.
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False, the respiratory tract does not contain simple ciliated squamous.
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True or False. Cilia are also found on the apical surface of the simple columnar epitheal cells of the uterus and the uteran tubes.
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True, the cilia help move mucus and oocytes.
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Lateral and basilar surfaces have structures that hold cells to one another or to the basement membrane. These cells do three things, what are they?
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1. mechanically bind the cells together 2. Help form a permability barrier 3. Provide a mechanism for intercellular communication.
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What do epithelial cells secrete to attach the cells to the basement membrane and one another?
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glycoproteins
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Because glycoproteins are a weak binding structure in the epitheal cells, what is it reinforced with.
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Desmosomes- disk-shaped structures with especially adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells to one another and intermediate filamaments that extend into the cyotplasm of the cells.
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Where are the most Desmosomes found?
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Where epithelial tissues are subjected to the most stress. Ex.- The skin
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Hemidesomes are what?
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Similar to one half of a desmosome and attach epithial cells to the basement membrane.
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Tight Junctions functions as?
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holding cells together and forms permeability barrier
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What do tight junction cells consist of?
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Zonula adherens and zonula occludens, which are found in close relation to each other.
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Where does a zonula adheren located?
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between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. It acts a a weak glue that holds cells together.
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Where are the zonulae adherens best developed?
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They are best developed in simple epithelial tissues.
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What do zonulae adherens do in simple epitheal tissue?
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They form a girdle of adhesive glycoprotein around the lateral surface of each cell, binding ajacent cells together. The connection is NOT as strong as the desmosomes.
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What are zonula occludens?
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They form a permability layer that prevent the passage of materials between cells. (forces substances to go through epithelial cells which regulate absorption/secretion).
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How is a zonula occluden formed?
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by plasma membranes of adjacent cells, coming together in a jigsaw-like fashion to form a tight seal.
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True or False. Gap Junction is a small, specialized contact region between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one another.
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True
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The gap junction between cardiac muscle cells are found in specialized cell to cell connections called what?
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intercalated disks
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What is composed of primary epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissues, and functions as a secretory organ.
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GLANDS!
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What are glands with ducts called?
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exocrine glands- and their ducts are lined with epithelium
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Glands with no ducts are called?
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endocrine glands
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T or F- Exocrine glands have extensive blood vessels in the connective tissue of the glands
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F- endocrine glands do
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What are the cellular products of endocrine glands?
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HORMONES!
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T or F- Endocrine glands are only formed by the epithelium.
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F- They are also formed by the neural crest cells and mesoderm for example.
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T or F- Cardiac muscles can function as endocrine glands
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T
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Give an two examples of what consists of unicellular glands.
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1. Goblet Cells
2. Exocrine glands (those these can also be formed by multicellular glands) |
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Glands with a few branches are labeled ______.
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SIMPLE!
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Glands with many branches are labeled _______.
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COMPOUND!
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What are the two structures that are on the end of every gland.
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Tubules (tubes) or Acini (clusters of grape or small sac shaped structures) or alveoli (hollow sacs)
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Exocrine glands are also classified by how products leave the cell. Name three examples.
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1. Merocrine glands
2. Apocrine Glands 3. Holocrine Glands |
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T or F. The Holocrine glands are the water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of the pancreas. It secretes particles with no loss of cellular material and its secretions are done through packaged vessicles that are released via exocytosis at the free surface of the cell.
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F. This is the definition of a merocrine gland. In contrast the Holocrine gland is the sabaceous glands of the skin, shed entire cells. The products accumulate in the cytoplasm of each cell, the cell ruptures and dies, the ENTIRE cell is part of the secretion.
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What does the apocrine gland do?
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Ex- the mammary gland
discharges fragments of the gland cells in the secretion. Products are retained within the cell, and portions of the cell are pinched off to become part of the secretion. |
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T or F- Apocrine glands also produce Merocrine secretion.
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T
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T or F.- Connective Tissue is abundant and makes up every organ in the body.
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T
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What separates connective tissue from the other tissue types?
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It consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix
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What are the functions of connective tissue?
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1.enclosing and separating
2. Connecting Tissues to one another 3. Supporting and moving 4. Storing 5. Cushioning and insulating |
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T or F- Blast help to destroy the cells
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F- Blast helps to repair, Clast wants to break down
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T or F- Cytes help to maintain the cell
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T
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Mast cells, which are commonly found beneath membranes in loose connective tissue and along small blood vessels in the organs, contain what chemicals?
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heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes (these are released in repsonse to injury, such as trauma/infection, and play important roles in inflammation)
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Name two types of macrophages.
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Fixed- do not move through the connective tissue in which they are found
wandering macrophages- move by ameboid movement through the connective tissue |
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What is a macrophages function?
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Macrophages phagocytize foreign and injured cells, and play a major role in providing protection against the infection.
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What is another name for undifferentiated mesenchymal cells?
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stem cells!
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Examples of connective tissue listed in the book consist of...
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Adipose (adipocytes)
Mast cells White blood cells (leukocytes) Macrophages Stem Cells/undifferentiated mesenchymal cells |
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The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has what three MAJOR components?
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1. Protein Fibers
2.Ground substance consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules. 3.Fluid |
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What three types of protein fibers make up the matrix?
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1.Collagen Fibers
2.Reticular Fibers 3.Elastic Fibers |
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T or F- Collagen Fibers count for one-fourth to one-third of total body protein, or 6% of body weight.
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T
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Collagen (alpha- insert Jesus fish here)-chains are located inside of what?
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fibroblasts
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What are collagen molecules modified into? Hint: some amino acids are cleaved off)
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Tropocollagen!
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The tropocollagen molecules are linked together to make long what?
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Collagen fibrils!
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T or F- Collegen Fibers are weak, but they are very elastic.
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F- They are very strong, but not very elastic
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What are the three types of collagen made up of.
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Type one: tendons, ligaments, skin, and bone
Type Two: Cartilage Type three- Reticular fibers |
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T or F Reticular fibers are not a chemically distinct category of fibers.
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T-they are very short, thin fibers that branch to form a network and appear different microsopically from other collagen fibers.
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T or F- Reticular Fibers are stronger than collagen fibers.
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F- but their networks fill up the spacer between tissues and organs.
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What protein do elastic fibers contain?
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elastin
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T or F- Fibroblast secrete polypeptide chains, which are linked together to to form a network, and recoil when stretched. This is what makes up reticular fibers.
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F- this is what makes up elastic fibers
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What two nonfibrous molecules constitute the ground substance of the matrix?
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hayaluronic acid and proteoglycans
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T or F- Hyaluronic acid is a long, unbranched-polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disacharide units.
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T- The structure allows it to have a very slippery quality to the fluids that contain it.
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Proteoglycan momomer conists of 80 to 100 polysaccharides called what?
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glycosaminoglycans!
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What is the function of proteoglycan aggregate?
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To trap large quantities of water, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.
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What is an adhesive molecule in relation to the proteoglycan aggregate?
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Holds the proteoglycan aggregates together and to structures such as the plasma membrane
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Embryonic connective tissue is called ...
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mesenchyme
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What is mesenchyme and what is it made up of?
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it is made up of irregular shaped fibroblast surrounding the semifluid extracellular matrix in which collagen fibers are distributed. It forms the embryo in the third or fourth week from mesoderm and neural crest cells and all adult tissue types develop from it. By eight weeks, the mesenchyme as all become specialized to form the connective tissues as seen in adults.
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What is the mucous connective tissue/Wharton's Jelly?
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major source of remaining embryonic connective tissue found in the umbilical cord. Structure is similar to that of mesenchyme.
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Loose connective tissue is sometimes referred to as...
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areolar tissue
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T or F- Areolar tissues consist of collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. It is deemed the "loose-packing tissue" and is also associated with fat and reticular tissue.
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T
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T or F- Dense Connective tissue fills nearly all of the extracellular space.
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T
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T or F- Dense Connective Tissue can forms in all directions.
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F- it is oriented in primarily one direction
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What does dense regular colleganous connective connective tissue form?
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IT is white in color and forms, tendons and most ligaments (very strong and still goes in one direction)
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Name the differences between tendons and ligaments.
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1. collagen fibers of ligaments tend to be less compact
2. Some fibers of ligaments are not paralell 3. Ligaments are usually more flattened than tendons and form sheets or bands of tissues. |
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What does dense elastic connective tissue consist of?
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Parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers. (slightly yellow color from the elastin)
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What does dense elastic connective tissue form?
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some elastic ligaments, ex.- vocal cords and the nuchal ligament (back of neck ligament)
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What does Dense Irregular collagenous tissue form?
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most of the dermis of the skin, and the connective tissue capsules that surround the organs such as the kidney and the spleen.
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Where do you find Dense irregular elastic connective tissue?
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In the wall of the arteries (oriented in many directions)
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T or F- Yellow Adipose is the most abundant type of Adipose
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T
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What makes adipose tissue well adapted for storage?
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It takes up less space per calorie than carbs or proteins
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T or F- Yellow Adipose is blue at birth
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F- it is white, it turns yellow due to carotene
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Where is brown adipose tissue found?
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axillae (armpits), neck, and near the kidney. (The brown color comes from cytochrome pigments in it numerous mitochondria and its abundant blood supply)
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T or F- Brown fat is more abundant in adults
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F- in babies (specialized to generate heat as a result of oxidative metabolism of lipid molecules in mitochoindria which can play a significant role in the body temperature regulation in newrborn babies)
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What does reticular tissue form?
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framework of the lymphatic tissue, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver
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Reticular cells produce what?
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reticular fibers
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Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes and found where?
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spaces called lucanae
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T or F- cartilage is stronger than bone
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F- cartilage is second to bone in strength
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