Chapter Four

Front 1

abduction

Back 1

the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Front 2

adduction

Back 2

the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

Front 3

adhesion

Back 3

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

Front 4

ataxia

Back 4

inability to coordinate the muscles in the execution of voluntary movement

Front 5

atrophy

Back 5

weakness and wasting away of muscle tissue that may be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time

Front 6

bradykinesia

Back 6

extreme slowness in movement

Front 7

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 7

occurs when the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

Front 8

chronic fatigue syndrome

Back 8

a debilitating disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and can be made worse by physical or mental activity

Front 9

circumduction

Back 9

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

Front 10

contracture

Back 10

an abnormal shortening of muscle tissues making the muscle resistant to stretching

Front 11

dorsiflexion

Back 11

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Front 12

dyskinesia

Back 12

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement as in a tic or spasm

Front 13

dystaxia

Back 13

difficulty in controlling voluntary movement

Front 14

dystonia

Back 14

a condition of abnormal muscle tone

Front 15

electromyography

Back 15

records the strength of muscle contractions as the result of electrical stimulation

Front 16

electroneuromyography

Back 16

a procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity

Front 17

epicondylitis

Back 17

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

Front 18

ergonomics

Back 18

the study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

Front 19

exercise physiologist

Back 19

a specialist who works under a physician's supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

Front 20

fasciitis

Back 20

inflammation of a fascia

Front 21

fibromyalgia syndrome

Back 21

a chronic disorder of unknown cause characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue

Front 22

ganglion cyst

Back 22

a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

Front 23

heel spur

Back 23

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis

Front 24

hemiparesis

Back 24

slight paralysis of one side of the body

Front 25

hemiplegia

Back 25

total paralysis of one side of the body

Front 26

hyperkinesia

Back 26

abnormally increased motor function or activity

Front 27

hypertonia

Back 27

a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles with increased resistance of muscle to passive stretching

Front 28

hypokinesia

Back 28

abnormally decreased motor function or activity

Front 29

hypotonia

Back 29

a condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles with decreased resistance of muscle to passive stretching

Front 30

impingement syndrome

Back 30

occurs when the tendons become inflamed and get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

Front 31

intermittent claudication

Back 31

pain in the leg muscles that occurs in the legs during exercise and is relieved by rest

Front 32

muscular dystrophy

Back 32

a group of inherited muscle disorders that causes muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system

Front 33

myasthenia gravis

Back 33

a chronic autoimmune disease in which there is an abnormality in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of muscle weakness

Front 34

myocele

Back 34

protrusion of a muscle through its ruptured sheath or fascia

Front 35

myoclonus

Back 35

a spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles

Front 36

myofascial release

Back 36

a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia and myofascial pain syndrome

Front 37

myolysis

Back 37

degeneration (breaking down) of muscle tissue

Front 38

myoparesis

Back 38

a weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle

Front 39

myorrhaphy

Back 39

to suture a muscle wound

Front 40

myorrhexis

Back 40

the rupture of a muscle

Front 41

myotonia

Back 41

delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction

Front 42

nocturnal myoclonus

Back 42

jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep

Front 43

oblique

Back 43

slanted or at an angle

Front 44

paralysis

Back 44

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle throught disease or injury to its nerve supply

Front 45

paraplegia

Back 45

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

Front 46

physiatrist

Back 46

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation

Front 47

plantar fasciitis

Back 47

an inflammation of the plantar fascia causing foot or heel pain when walking or running

Front 48

polymyositis

Back 48

a chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles that is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy

Front 49

pronation

Back 49

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

Front 50

quadriplegia

Back 50

paralysis of all four extremities

Front 51

sarcopenia

Back 51

the age-related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly

Front 52

shin splint

Back 52

a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the shin bone

Front 53

singultus

Back 53

myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm; also known as hiccups

Front 54

spasmodic torticollis

Back 54

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pulls the head toward the affected side

Front 55

sphincter

Back 55

a ringlink muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

Front 56

sprain

Back 56

an injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament

Front 57

tenodesis

Back 57

to suture the end of a tendon to bone

Front 58

tenodynia

Back 58

pain in a tendon

Front 59

tenolysis

Back 59

to free a tendon from adhesions

Front 60

tenorrhaphy

Back 60

suturing of a divided tendon