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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most obvious physical change during the period of development?
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growth
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During early childhood, how much does an average child grow in height?
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2 and a half inches
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During early childhood, how much weight does an average child gain each year?
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5 to 7 pounds
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During the preschool years, are boys or girls smaller?
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girls
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Girls have more ________ tissue than boys
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fatty
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Boys have more __________ tissue than girls
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muscle
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The two most important contributors to height differences are
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ethnic origin and nutrition
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What happens to boys and girls bodies during their preschool years?
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slim down as the trunk of the body lengthens
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What happens to children's body by the end of preschool?
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most children have lost the top-heavy look they had as toddlers, head is still somewhat large for the body
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What is one of the most important physical developments during early childhood?
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the continuing development of the brain and other parts of the nervous system
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What contributes to children's emerging cognitive abilities?
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increasing maturation of the brain, combined with opportunities to experience a widening world
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Does the overall size of the brain change from ages 3 to 15?
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it does not increase dramatically
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What changes dramatically in the brain during the ages of 3 to 15?
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local patterns within the brain
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What happens with the local patterns within the brain?
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the amount of brain material in some areas can nearly double in as little as a year, followed by a dramatic loss of tissue as unneeded cells are pruned and the brain continues to reorganize itself
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What happens, in terms of the brain, from the age of 3 to 6 years old?
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the most rapid growth takes place in the frontal lobes known as the prefrontal lobes
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What is the key role of the Prefrontal Cortex?
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planning and organizing new actions and maintaing attention to tasks
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What two changes that began at birth contribute to the brains growth during early childhood?
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number and size of dendrites increase and myelination continues
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What is myelination?
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the process by which the axons are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells
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What is the result of myelination?
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it increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system
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At around age 3, what gross motor skills have developed?
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simple movements such as hopping, jumping, and running back and forth, just for the sheer delight of performing them
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At age 4, what gross motor skills have children developed?
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become more adventurous: scramble over low jungle gyms as they display their athletic prowess, and beginning to be able to come down stairs the same way as they walked up
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At age 5, what gross motor skills have children developed?
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perform hair-raising stunts on practically any moving object, they run hard and enjoy races with each other and their parents
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At age 3, what fine motor skills have children developed?
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ability to pick up the tiniest objects between their thumb and forefinger for sometime, still somewhat clumsy. they build high block towers. play with simple jigsaw puzzle:recognize the hole but not very precise in positioning piece
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At age 4, what fine motor skills have children developed?
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improved substantially and is much more precise
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At age 5, what fine motor skills have children developed?
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hand, arm, and body move all together under better command of the eye
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How does the CDC designate categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight?
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by BMI: takes into account height and weight
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What is the percentile of children and adults that are classified as obese?
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97th
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What is the percentile of children and adults that are classified as overweight?
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95th or 96th
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What is the percentile of children and adults that are classified as at risk for being overweight?
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85th to 94th
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In 2010, how many 2 to 5-year-olds were classified as obese?
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12.1%
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What is the WIC Program?
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program that provides federal grans to states for healthy supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for women from low-income families beginning in pregnancy, and to infants y to 5 years who are at nutritional risk
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What does WIC stand for?
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Woman, Infants, and Children
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What are the main causes of death/ serious illness of children?
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accidents, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases
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How does parental smoking impact children?
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more likely to develop wheezing and asthma, sleep problems, included sleep-disordered breathing
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What is the second stage of Piaget's theory?
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The preoperational Stage
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How long does the preoperational stage last?
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from 2 to 7 years of age
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What is the Preoperational Stage?
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children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. they form stable concepts and begin to reason. their cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
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According to Piaget, what are operations?
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internalized, reversible sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically
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What is the Symbolic Function Stage?
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the first substage of preoperational thought
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When does Symbolic Function Stage occur?
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roughly between the ages of 2 and 4
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What is Egocentrism?
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the inability to distinguish between one's perspective and someone else's perspective
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What is Animism?
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the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
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What is Centration?
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the focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
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According to Piaget, what is Conservation?
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awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties
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