Chapter 9 Vocab

Front 1

asexual reproduction

Back 1

process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent

Front 2

sexual reproduction

Back 2

process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent

Front 3

chromatin

Back 3

combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Front 4

chromosome

Back 4

condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide

Front 5

sister chromatid

Back 5

one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides

Front 6

centromere

Back 6

region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together

Front 7

cell cycle

Back 7

sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces

Front 8

interphase

Back 8

stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body

Front 9

interphase

Back 9

stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body

Front 10

mitotic phase

Back 10

stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing

Front 11

mitosis

Back 11

process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei

Front 12

cytokinesis

Back 12

process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two; usually follows mitosis and meiosis

Front 13

spindle

Back 13

framework of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

Front 14

centrosome

Back 14

region of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contains structures called centrioles

Front 15

prophase

Back 15

first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, when the already replicated chromosomes condense

Front 16

metaphase

Back 16

second stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place

Front 17

anaphase

Back 17

third phase of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle

Front 18

telophase

Back 18

final stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear

Front 19

cell plate

Back 19

disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells

Front 20

benign tumor

Back 20

mass of cells that remain at their original site

Front 21

malignant tumor

Back 21

mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division

Front 22

cancer

Back 22

disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle

Front 23

metastasis

Back 23

spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body

Front 24

meiosis

Back 24

type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

Front 25

karyotype

Back 25

display of a person's 46 chromosomes

Front 26

homologous chromosome

Back 26

one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

Front 27

sex chromosome

Back 27

one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender

Front 28

diploid

Back 28

having two homologous sets of chromosomes

Front 29

gamete

Back 29

egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair

Front 30

haploid

Back 30

having a single set of chromosomes

Front 31

fertilization

Back 31

the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell and the nucleus of a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote

Front 32

zygote

Back 32

diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell

Front 33

tetrad

Back 33

group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes

Front 34

crossing over

Back 34

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

Front 35

genetic recombination

Back 35

new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis