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94 Cards in this Set
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adrenal glands/suprarenal glands
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Located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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steroid hormones
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hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under adrenal glands/suprarenal glands
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glucocorticoids
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Regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under steroid hormones
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mineral corticosteroids
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maintain salt and water balance
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under steroid hormones
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androgens
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Influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under steroid hormones
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catecholamines
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Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under adrenal glands/suprarenal glands
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epinephrine/adrenaline
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Secreted in response to fear or physical injury.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under catecholamines
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norepinephrine
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Secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under catecholamines
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ovaries
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Located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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estrogen
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Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under ovaries
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progesterone
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Regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under ovaries
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islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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Endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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insulin
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A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island).
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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glucagon
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A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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parathyroid glands
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Two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under parathyroid glands
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pineal gland
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Located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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melatonin
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exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under pineal gland
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serotonin
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a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under pineal gland
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pituitary gland/hypophysis
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Located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under pituitary gland/hypophysis
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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affects skin pigmentation
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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growth hormone (GH)
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influences growth
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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prolactin/lactogenic hormone
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posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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oxytocin
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influences uterine contraction
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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testes
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located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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testosterone
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affects masculinization and reproduction
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under testes
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thymus gland
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Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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thymosin
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regulates immune response
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under thymus gland
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thyroid gland
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Located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms
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triiodothyronine (T3)/thyroxine (T4)
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known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under thyroid gland
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calcitonin
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regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Anatomic terms; under thyroid gland
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exophthalmos or exophthalmus
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protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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glucosuria/glycosuria
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glucose (sugar) in the urine
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hirsutism
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shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (e.g., a woman with a beard)
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hypercalcemia
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an abnormlaly high levle of calcium in the blood
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hypocalcemia
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an abnormally low levle of calcium in the blood
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hyperglycemia
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high blood sugar
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hypoglycemia
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low blood sugar
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hyperkalemia
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an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium = potassium)
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hypokalemia
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deficient level of potassium in the blood
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hypersecretion
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abnormally increased secretion
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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hyposecretion
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abnormally decreased secretion
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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ketosis/ketoacidosis/diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
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Presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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metabolism
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All chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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polyuria
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excessive urination
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SYMPTOMATIC TERMS
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Cushing syndrome
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A collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often because of a tumor), or, mor commonly, occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones, such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Adrenal glands
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adrenal virilism
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Excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice (virilis = masculine)
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Adrenal glands
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
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Metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria (diabetes = passing through; mellitus = sugar)
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pancreas
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type 1 diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pancreas; under diabetes mellitus (DM)
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type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pancreas; under diabetes mellitus (DM)
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hyperinsulinism
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A condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pancreas
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pancreatitis
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Inflammation of the pancreas
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pancreas
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hyperparathyroidism
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Hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Parathyroid glands
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hypoparathyroidism
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hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Parathyroid glands
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acromegaly
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Disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
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pituitary dwarfism
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A condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
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pituitary gigantism
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A condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
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goiter
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat)
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Thyroid gland
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hyperthyroidism
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A condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc.
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Thyroid gland
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Graves disease
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The most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Thyroid gland; under hyperthyroidism
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Hypothyroidism
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A condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and, often, obesity
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Thyroid gland
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myxedema
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Advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucus)
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Thyroid gland; under hypothyroidism
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cretinism
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Condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS: Thyroid gland; under hypothyroidism
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blood sugar (BS)/blood glucose
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measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
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LABORATORY TESTING
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fasting blood sugar (FBS)
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Measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours
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LABORATORY TESTING
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postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
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Measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later)
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LABORATORY TESTING
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glucose tolerance test (GTT)
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Measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours
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LABORATORY TESTING
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glycohemoglobin/glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
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A molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
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LABORATORY TESTING
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electrolyte panel
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Measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with carbon dioxide (CO2) (for indirect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water balance (hydration) as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity
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LABORATORY TESTING
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thyroid function study
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Measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH
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LABORATORY TESTING
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Urine sugar and ketone studies
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Chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes (Note: production of a urine specimen for these tests requires one to urinate or void [empty the bladder])
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LABORATORY TESTING
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computed tomography (CT)
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CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland
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IMAGING PROCEDURES
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and the thyroid glands
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IMAGING PROCEDURES
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sonography
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Sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound
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IMAGING PROCEDURES
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thyroid uptake and image
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Radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
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IMAGING PROCEDURES
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adrenalectomy
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excision of the adrenal glands
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OPERATIVE TERMS
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hypophysectomy
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excision of the pituitary gland
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OPERATIVE TERMS
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pancreatectomy
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excision of the pancreas
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OPERATIVE TERMS
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parathyroidectomy
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excision of the parathyroid gland
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OPERATIVE TERMS
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thymectomy
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excision of the thymus gland
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OPERATIVE TERMS
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thyroidectomy
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excision of the thyroid gland
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OPERATIVE TERMS
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Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)/insulin pump therapy
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Use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body (usually the abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient
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THERAPEUTIC TERMS
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radioiodine therapy
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Use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility
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THERAPEUTIC TERMS
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antidiabetic drug
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Any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus
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COMMON THERAPEUTIC DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
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antithyroid drug
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An agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism
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COMMON THERAPEUTIC DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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Treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid)
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COMMON THERAPEUTIC DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
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Hypoglycemic/antihyperglycemic
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A drug that lowers the blood glucose level (e.g., insulin)
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COMMON THERAPEUTIC DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
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