Chapter 9, Set 2 Blood, Lymph, & Immune

Front 1

Anemia

Back 1

deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood.

*Not a disease, but symptom of other diseases

Front 2

Iron-deficiency anemia

Back 2

Most common

*caused by lack of iron that is required for hemoglobin production.

Front 3

hemorrhagic anemia

Back 3

Anemia caused by excessive blood flow.

Front 4

hemolytic anemia

Back 4

Anemia caused by excessive blood-cell destruction

Front 5

Aplastic anemia

Back 5

Anemia caused by excessive blood information within bone marrow and faulty hemoglobin production.

Front 6

hemolyze

Back 6

sickle cells are fragile and break apart

Front 7

Sickle cell crisis

Back 7

tissue distal to the blockage undergoes ischemia, resulting in sever pain.

*can last from several hours to several days.

Front 8

Sickle cell anemia

Back 8

faulty hemoglobin molecule causes the RBCs to assume a bizarre shape, commonly resembling a crescent, or sickle, when oxygen levels are low.

*The RBCs have difficulty passing through the small capillaries

* affects only those who have inherited the trait form both parents.

Front 9

pallor

Back 9

paleness

Front 10

Aplastic (hypoplastic) Anemia

Back 10

serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure and resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

*caused by some autoimmune disorders, chemo, radiation, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents

Front 11

Folic-acid deficiency Anemia

Back 11

inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) due to the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis

Front 12

Hemolytic Anemia

Back 12

Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice

*associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell) disorders

Front 13

Iron-deficiency Anemia

Back 13

lack of sufficient iron in RBCs

*most common caused by greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually by inadequate dietary iron intake

Front 14

Pernicious Anemia

Back 14

Lack of vitamin B12

*chronic, progressive, anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 due to lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development

Front 15

AIDS

Back 15

an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which slowly destroys the immune system

Front 16

immunocompromised

Back 16

immune system becomes very weak.

Front 17

opportunistic infections

Back 17

attack people with immunocomprised systems due to other diseases like AIDS

Front 18

lymphadenopathy

Back 18

any disease of the lymph nodes

one of the first signs of AIDS

* swollen lymph glands

Front 19

two diseases closely associated with AIDS

Back 19

Kaposi sarcoma

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Front 20

Allergy

Back 20

an acquired abnormal immune response

Front 21

sensitization

Back 21

initial exposure of an allergy

Front 22

antigen

Back 22

allergen

Front 23

urticaria

Back 23

hives

Front 24

anaphylactic shock

Back 24

severe life-threatening allergic reaction

Front 25

indurated

Back 25

hardened

Front 26

allergy shots

Back 26

an immunotherapy treatment desensitize the patient and reduces the reaction of the patient to the offending allergen

Front 27

Autoimmunity

Back 27

the failure of the body to distinguish accurately between self and nonself

*immune system attacks the antigens found on its own cells so such an extent that tissue injury results

Front 28

multisystemic

Back 28

many organs and tissues

Front 29

Myasthenia gravis

Back 29

chronic, progressive autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the voluntary muscles of the body, causing sporadic weakness

*mostly affect eyes, limbs, swallowing and speech

Front 30

exacerbations

Back 30

flare-up

Front 31

remissions

Back 31

latency

Front 32

edema

Back 32

abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body

Front 33

hypoproteinemia

Back 33

*major cause of edema

decrease in the blood protein level, especially albumin

Front 34

localized

Back 34

limited to a specific area

Front 35

diuretics

Back 35

medications that promote urination

Front 36

ascites

Back 36

fluid collects within the peritoneal or pleural cavity

Front 37

hemophilia (bleeder's disease)

Back 37

hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired

* found mostly in men

* women are carriers

Front 38

2 main types of hemophilia

Back 38

hemophilia A

hemophilia B

Front 39

hemophilia A

Back 39

deficiency in clotting factor VIII

Front 40

hemophilia B

Back 40

deficiency in clotting factor IX

Front 41

hematoma

Back 41

areas of blood seepage deep within muscles

*Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel

Front 42

hemarthrosis

Back 42

blood enters joints causing pain and possibly deformity

Front 43

Infectious Mononucleosis (kissing disease)

Back 43

one of the acute infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

*usually in young adults

Front 44

gingivitis

Back 44

gum infection

Front 45

anorexia

Back 45

loss of appetite

Front 46

hepatomegaly

Back 46

liver enlargement

Front 47

splenomegaly

Back 47

enlargement of the spleen

Front 48

Leukemia

Back 48

an oncological disorder of the blood-forming organs, caused by overgrowth of blood cells

*malignant cells replace healthy bone marrow cells

Front 49

proliferation

Back 49

overgrowth

Front 50

myelogenous

Back 50

granulocytic

Front 51

chronic leukemia

Back 51

signs and symptoms are slow to developy

Front 52

acute leukemia

Back 52

sudden onset of the disease and the cells are highly embryonic

Front 53

blastic

Back 53

embryonic

Front 54

Hodgkin disease (Hodgkin lymphoma)

Back 54

malignant disease of the lymph system primarily the lymph nodes and it may spread to the spleen, GI tract, liver, or bone marrow

*begins with a painless enlargement of lymph nodes, typically on one side of the neck, chest or underarm

Front 55

pruritis

Back 55

severe itching

Front 56

dysphagia

Back 56

difficulty swallowing

Front 57

Kaposi sarcoma

Back 57

malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue

*closely associated w/AIDS

*commonly fatal

*lesions of purplish brown macules over the lower extremities

Front 58

palliative

Back 58

relieving pain and discomfort that accompany the lesion*does not prolong life

Front 59

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Back 59

abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of O2 to distal tissues

Front 60

graft refection

Back 60

process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue

Front 61

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Back 61

complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe enough to cause death

Front 62

hemoglobinopathy

Back 62

any disorder caused by abnormalities in the molecule

*Sickle cell anemia is the most common of these

Front 63

lymphadema

Back 63

swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

*caused by surgery, radiation therapy, and infection of the lymph vessels

Front 64

multiple myeloma

Back 64

malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

* malignant cells spread throughout bone marrow and invade the harder outer portion of the bone causing soft spots

Front 65

sepsis

Back 65

presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

*peritonitis, UTI, meningitis, cellulitis, bact pneum

Front 66

system lupus erythematous (SLE)

Back 66

widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin

Front 67

thrombocythemia

Back 67

overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations

Front 68

thrombocytopenia

Back 68

abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (IV), spleen(EV), or liver (EV)

*pinpoint hemorrhages or petechiae on lower leg

Front 69

von Willebrand disease

Back 69

bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, a "sticky" protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation

Front 70

immunotherapy

Back 70

any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the body's natural immune mechanisms to treat disease

Front 71

allergy injections

Back 71

injection w/increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for severe allergies

Front 72

biological (biotherapy)

Back 72

use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, RA, and Crohn disease;

Front 73

bone marrow aspiration

Back 73

removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspirating needle (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination

*identifies blood disorders or if infection has spread to the bone marrow

Front 74

bone marrow transplant

Back 74

infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers

*either to the same person or another person

Front 75

autologous

Back 75

infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy

Front 76

homologous (allogenic)

Back 76

infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation

Front 77

lymphadenectomy

Back 77

removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue

Front 78

sentinel node excision

Back 78

removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

Front 79

transfusion

Back 79

infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another person (recipient)

Front 80

antinuclear antibody (ANA)

Back 80

test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual's own body cells (auto-antibodies)

Front 81

blood culture

Back 81

test to determine the presence of pathogens in the blood stream

Front 82

complete blood count (CBC)

Back 82

series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white blood cell counts, platelet count; and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

Front 83

monospot

Back 83

nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis

Front 84

partial thromboplastin time

Back 84

test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Front 85

prothrombin time (PT)

Back 85

test that measures the time ti takes for prothrombin to form a clot; also call pro time

Front 86

shilling test

Back 86

test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 trough the digestive tract

Front 87

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 87

highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma

Front 88

lymphangiography

Back 88

visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to dermine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system

Front 89

lymphoscintigraphy

Back 89

introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

Front 90

anticoagulants

Back 90

prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors

* prevent DVT and postop clot formation, decrease risk of stroke

Front 91

antifibrinolytics

Back 91

neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract. Prevent break down of blood clots

*used to treat serious bleeding following certain surgeries and dental procedures

Front 92

antimicrobials

Back 92

destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa depending on the particular drug generally interfering with the functions of their cell membrane

*hiv patients are commonly treated prophylactically with these to prevent PCP

Front 93

antivirals

Back 93

prevent replication of viruses within host cells

* used in treatment of HIV infection and AIDS

Front 94

fat-soluble vitamins

Back 94

prevent and treat bleeding disorders resulting from a lack of prothrombin caused by Vitamin K deficiency

Front 95

thrombolytics

Back 95

dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

* used to break apart , or lyse thrombi, especially those that obstruct coronary, pulmonary, and cerebral arteries

Front 96

APTT

Back 96

activated partial prothromboplastin time

Front 97

diff

Back 97

differential count

Front 98

DVT

Back 98

deep vein thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis

Front 99

EBV

Back 99

Epstein-Barr virus

Front 100

HIV

Back 100

human immunodeficiency virus

Front 101

PT

Back 101

prothrombin time; physical therapy

Front 102

PTT

Back 102

partial prothromboplastin time

Front 103

SLE

Back 103

systemic lupuserythematosus

Front 104

DIC

Back 104

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Front 105

ANA

Back 105

antinuclear antibody

Front 106

lgs

Back 106

immunoglobulins

Front 107

eos

Back 107

eosinophil