Chapter 9, Set 1 Blood, Lymph, And Immune Systems

Front 1

Antibody

Back 1

protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called and antigen

*also known as immunoglobulins (IGS)

Front 2

antigen

Back 2

substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

Front 3

bile pigment

Back 3

substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

* interference w/the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice

Front 4

cytokine

Back 4

chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

*important chemical communicators in the immune response

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immunocompetent

Back 5

ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them

Front 6

natural killer (NK) cells

Back 6

specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercellular fluids to leak out.

* NK cells destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells.

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3 solid components of blood

Back 7

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

leukocytes (white blood cells)

thrombocytes (platelets)

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blood

Back 8

body tissue composed of cells suspended in a liquid medium called plasma

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hematopoiesis

hemopoiesis

Back 9

development of blood cells to their mature form

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blastic (embryonic)

Back 10

stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to these cell forms of all blood cell types.

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erythrocytes

Back 11

* Transport O2 and CO2

* most numerous of the circulating blood cells

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hemoglobin

Back 12

iron-containing compound gives erythrocytes their red color.

* shaped like biconcave disks

*live 120 days then rupture

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where blood cells are formed

Back 13

bone marrow of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of the long bones of the arms and legs.

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leukocytes

Back 14

protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process.

*crucial to the body's defense against disease

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two classifications of leukocytes

Back 15

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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3 types of granulocytes

Back 16

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

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neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Back 17

stain pale lilac color

* do not show a marked affinity for either an acid dye (red) or alkaline (basic) dye (dark purple)

* responsible for ingesting & destroying bacteria and other foreign particles

*first to appear at site of injury or infection

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eosinophils

Back 18

contain granules that stain red due to their affinity for the red acid dye eosin

* main function is detoxification

*numerous during allergic reactions

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basophils

Back 19

granules that stain dark purple due to affinity for the purple alkaline (basic) dye

*main function is to release histamines and heparin at sites of injury

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Histamine

Back 20

initiate the inflammatory process by increasing blood flow.

Front 21

heparin

Back 21

an anticoagulant, acts to prevent blood from clotting at the injury site.

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Agranulocytes (MNLs)

Mononuclear leukocytes

Back 22

arise in the bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissues.

*play an integral part in the specific immune system

*typically have nuclei that do not form lobes

*Monocytes and lymphocytes

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monocytes

Back 23

mildly phagocytic when found within blood vessels.

*remain in vascular channels only a short time

*when they exit, called macrophages

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lymphocytes

Back 24

include B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.

*learn to to recognize & destroy potential threats to the well-being of the individual

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Platelets (thrombocytes)

Back 25

the smallest formed elements found in blood.

*not true cells, only cell fragments

*initiate blood clotting when they encounter damaged vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized

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hemostasis

Back 26

control of bleeding

*complex series of interdependent reactions.

*become sticky initially and aggregate at the injury site to form a barrier to control blood loss

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thromboplastin

Back 27

substance that initiates clot formation

*released by platelets

Front 28

fibrinogen

Back 28

a soluble blood protein

*final step of coagulation

*becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells

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thrombus (blood clot)

Back 29

jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin

Front 30

plasma

Back 30

liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.

*appears as thin, almost colorless fluid when blood cells are removed

*composed of 92% water

*contains plasma proteins

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plasma proteins

Back 31

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Front 32

blood serum

Back 32

product of blood plasma

Front 33

serum

Back 33

fibrinogen and clotting elements removed from plasma

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lymph

Back 34

fluid in lymph system in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended

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lymph system

Back 35

consists of fluid called lymph

*a network of transporting vessels called lymph vessels

*other structures including nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils

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functions of the lymph system

Back 36

1. Maintain fluid balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood.

2. Transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues.

3. Filtering/removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes.

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interstitial fluid (tissue fluid)

Back 37

small amount of plasma that seeps from blood capillaries

*resembles plasma, but contains less protein

*carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their waste.

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lymph capillaries

Back 38

closed ended microscopic vessels become lymph.

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lymph nodes

Back 39

macrophages phagocytize bacteria and other harmful material while T cells and B cells exert their protective influence.

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right lymphatic duct

Back 40

formed by the lymph vessels from the right chest and arm joint.

*drains into the right subclavian vein

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right subclavian vein

Back 41

a major vessel in the cardiovascular system

Front 42

thoracic duct

Back 42

receives lymph from all other areas of the body

and drains into the left subclavian veing

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left subclavian vein

Back 43

receives products of lymph from the thoracic duct

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spleen

Back 44

resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents.

*also destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells.

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thymus

Back 45

located in the upper part of the chest (mediastinum)

*controls the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system

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tonsils

Back 46

masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx.

*act as filters to protect upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens.

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humoral immunity

Back 47

component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens like bacteria and viruses

Front 48

plassma cells

Back 48

clones cells of B cells that produce highly specific proteins called antibodies

Front 49

antigen-antibody complex

Back 49

when an antibody encounters its matching antigen and attaches to it

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cellular immunity

Back 50

component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens, such as viruses and cancer cells.

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aden/o

Back 51

gland

Front 52

agglutin/o

Back 52

clumping, gluing

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bas/o

Back 53

base (alkaline, opposite of acid)

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blast/o

Back 54

embryonic cell

Front 55

chrom/o

Back 55

color

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eosin/o

Back 56

dawn (rose-colored)

Front 57

erythr/o

Back 57

red

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granul/o

Back 58

granule

Front 59

hemo/

hemat/o

Back 59

blood

Front 60

immun/o

Back 60

immune, immunity, safe

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kary/o

nucle/o

Back 61

nucleus

Front 62

leuk/o

Back 62

white

Front 63

lymphaden/o

Back 63

lymph gland (node)

Front 64

lymph/o

Back 64

lymph

Front 65

lymphangi/o

Back 65

lymph vessel

Front 66

morph/o

Back 66

form, shape, structure

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myel/o

Back 67

bone marrow, structure

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neutr/o

Back 68

neutral, neither

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phag/o

Back 69

swallowing, eating

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plas/o

Back 70

formation, growth

Front 71

poikil/o

Back 71

varied, irregular (what a cell looks like)

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reticul/o

Back 72

net, mesh

Front 73

ser/o

Back 73

serum

Front 74

sider/o

Back 74

iron

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splen/o

Back 75

spleen

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thromb/o

Back 76

blood clot

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thym/o

Back 77

thymus gland

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xen/o

Back 78

foreign, strange

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-blast

Back 79

embryonic cell

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-emia

Back 80

blood condition

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-globin

Back 81

protein

Front 82

-graft

Back 82

transplantation

Front 83

-osis

Back 83

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

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-penia

Back 84

decrease, deficiency

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-phil

Back 85

attraction for

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-phoresis

Back 86

carrying, transmission

Front 87

-phylaxis

Back 87

protection

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-poiesis

Back 88

formation, production

Front 89

-stasis

Back 89

standing still

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a-

Back 90

without, not

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allo-

Back 91

other, differing from the normal

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aniso-

Back 92

unequal, dissimilar

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iso-

Back 93

same, equal

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macro-

Back 94

large

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micro-

Back 95

small

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mono-

Back 96

one

Front 97

poly-

Back 97

many, much

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acquired immunity

Back 98

most complicated type of body resistance

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resistance

Back 99

numerous body defenses work together to protect against disease.

Front 100

innate

Back 100

forms of resistance present at birth are innate

Front 101

macrophages

Back 101

monocytes that entered tissue spaces

* in this form, they consume large numbers of pathogens

Front 102

2 types of lymphocytes

Back 102

B cells and T cells are the active cells of the adaptive immune response.

Front 103

Helper T cell

Back 103

essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity

Front 104

cytotoxic T cell

Back 104

cell that actually destroys the invading antigen

Front 105

suppressor T cell

Back 105

monitors the progression of infection