Chapter 9: Emotion And Nervous System

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Receptors (often specialized neurons)

Back 1

respond to specific types of stimuli and convert sensory information such as light or sound into neural signals

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Adequate Stimulus

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receptors pick up very specific environmental information called adequate stimulus and nothing else.

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Sensation

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the first step in information processing that allows us to interact with the external environment

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Perception

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sensory information interpreted

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Patterning

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Amplitude and timing of neural impulses that make sensory information meaningful

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For hearing, where does the process of sensation occur?

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cochlea

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Auditory stimulus is the vibration of molecules in?

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conducting medium, which may be air, water, and even the skull

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Pitch

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our psychological experience of the sound frequency

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Range of frequencies for human?

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2000-4000 Hz

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Pure Tone

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A sound with a single frequency

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Sound Amplitude

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represents the physical intensity of sound which we experience as loudness

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What information is needed to hear?

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sound reception, amplification, and conversion of sound waves into neural impulses

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Pinna

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outer ear, captures sound waves and amplifies them by directing them into smaller auditory canals

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Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)

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First part of the middle ear where sound waves reach

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ossicles (second part of middle ear)

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vibration transmits the sound energy. Made up of bones called hammer, anvil, and stirrup

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cochlea

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in the inner ear, a small coiled object about 35 mm long in humans containing 3 fluid-filled canals

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Stirrup

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rests against the oval window, which is the point of entry into the cochlea.

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Where are auditory receptors located

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cochlear canal

Front 19

Conversion of sound waves to neural impulses occurs when vibrations reach?

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The organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane

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organ of corti consist of?

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4 rows of hair cell, their supporting cells, and the shelf-like tectorial membrane into which the hairs are embedded.

Front 21

Vibration of the tectorial membrane causes the hair cells to bend which opens?

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potassium channels, depolarizing the hair cell membrane, which sets off impulses in the auditory neuron

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Are inner hair cells less numerous than outer hair cells?

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Yes, inner hair cells are responsible for most of what we hear. mice lacking inner hair cells are deaf

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Cochlear neurons project to the primary auditory cortex in the?

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Temporal lobe via the auditory nerves, passing through the brain stem, inferior colliculi, and the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

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Which hemisphere of auditory cortex for language?

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Left, and aspects of music in the right

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Auditory corex

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topographically organized, as neurons from adjacent sites on the basilar membrane project to adjacent points on the cortex.

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Dorsal stream

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flows through the parietal lobe and processes information about the spatial location of a sound

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Ventral stream

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processes information about what an object is

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Frequency theories

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One group of encoding mechanisms

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telephone theory (Rutherford)

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auditory neurons fire at the same rate as the sound that stimulates them

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Volleying (Wever and Bray)

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several neurons cooperatively encoded frequencies

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Place theory (Helmholtz)

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basilar membrane varies along its length with the frequency of the sound; frequency is encoded according to the place of maximal vibration

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Tuning Curves

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where individual neurons are selective to a very small range of frequencies and are sharpened through lateral inhibition

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With low-frequency sounds

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more intense stimuli produce responses in more neurons

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high frequency sounds

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intensity is coded by the rate of neural impulses

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Fourier analysis

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sound is analyzed using individual frequency bands

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Basilar membrane

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carries out fourier analysis by responding simultaneously along its length to these individual sound frequencies

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Cocktail party effect

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able to follow single auditory object among multiple competing sound sources

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Recognizing different environmental sounds requires?

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posterior temporal and frontal areas, whereas recognizing individual voices involves the secondary auditory cortex in the superior temporal area

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Animals with two ears use?

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3 different binaural cues to locate sounds

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Phase differences

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help us locate sounds below 1500 hz

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Intensity differences

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Help us locate sounds above 2000 or 3000 hz detected by cells in the superior olivary nucleus

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Coincidence detectors

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located in the nuleus laminaris, fire most when they receive input from both ears at same time

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Brocas aphasia (expressive aphasia)

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result of damage to broca's area which is located on the frontal lobe anterior to motor cortex

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People with broca's aphasia?

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have difficulty expressing themselves, they often display nonfluent speech, anomia, difficulty with articulation and agrammatic speech

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Wernicke's Aphasia (receptive aphasia)

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result of damage to wernicke's area, located on the left posterior temporal lobe

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People with wernickes's aphasia?

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can articulate words but little meaning to what they say, also difficulty understanding all forms of language

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When a person reads aloud, the route is from?

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Angular gyrus to wernickes are, then to broca's area for speech production

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language impairment

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damage to basal ganglia and thalamus

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What is most important for articulation

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Frontal areas

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Damage to angular gyrus?

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connects visual projection area with auditory and visual association areas can result in inability to read and write

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phonological hypothesis

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argues that difficulty with processing phonemes underlies dyslexia

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planum temporale for dyslexics

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the right side is larger than normal, and left lacks usual orderly arrangement

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Brocas aphasia greater chance for recovery

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asdf

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parietal lobe for language control later in life

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asdf

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right hemisphere is important in processing?

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prosody to convey meaning in speech and understand figurative speech

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Left hemisphere designed to?

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support language, left hemisphere dominance for language and are sometimes larger

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sentence melody

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activates right hemisphere

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sign language

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activates left hemisphere structures similar used to spoken language

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Why cant chimps talk?

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limitations to the vocal apparatus

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mirror neurons

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important in the ability to imitate the movemnts and sounds of others

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FOXP2

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a gene that has implicated language

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neanderthels

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contributed to our increased abilities in reading, writing, and speaking