Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

Front 1

redox reaction

Back 1

an electron donor gives up electron to an electron acceptor (often accompanied by a hydrogen atom)

Front 2

three important electron acceptors/carriers

Back 2

NAD+ source: niacin
NADP+
FAD source: riboflavin

*typically reduced

Front 3

carbohydrate catabolism

Back 3

primary source of energy in the cell is glucose

cells break down glucose and transfer energy to ATP

Front 4

aerobic respiration

Back 4

complete breakdown of glucose through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that generate ATP, and in which the final electron acceptor is O2 (inorganic)

glycolysis
krebs cycle
ETC

Front 5

Glycolysis

Back 5

glucose (6 carbon sugar) is split into two 3 carbon sugars

these smaller sugars are then oxidized and their remaining atoms are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate

Net:
2 pyruvates
2 ATP (one per pyruvate)
2 NADH (one per pyruvate)

Front 6

phosphofructokinase

Back 6

kinase (transfers phosphate groups) enzyme that phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate in glucose to fructose-1, 6-biphosphate

allosterically inhibited for a period of time by ATP

STEP 3

Front 7

intermediate stage

Back 7

1 pyruvate is oxidized to 1 NADH and Acetyl-CoA, 1 pyruvate releases carbon as 1 CO2

Net:
2 CO2 (one per pyruvate)
2 NADH (one per pyruvate)

Front 8

kreb's cycle

Back 8

pyruvate is broken down further to 2CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, and 1 ATP

Net:
6 NADH (3 per pyruvate)
2 FADH (1 per pyruvate)
2 ATP (1 per pyruvate)
4 CO2 (2 per pyruvate)

Front 9

ETC

Back 9

electrons passed along a series of carrier molecules capable of redox reactions

Front 10

flavoprotein

Back 10

electrons are passed from NADH to flavoproteins in complex I of the ETC

Front 11

ubiquinone

Back 11

flavoproteins then pass electrons to an iron-sulfur compouds, then to ubiquinone, a small hydrophobic molecule (not a protein!!)

Front 12

cytochrome

Back 12

most of the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen

have heme group that accepts and donates electrons

Front 13

oxygen

Back 13

final electron acceptor of the ETC, also picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the aqueous solution, forming WATER

Front 14

conversions

Back 14

1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH = 2 ATP

Front 15

chemiosmosis

Back 15

generation of ATP as a direct result of the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane (ion gradient)

Front 16

proton motive force

Back 16

potential energy create by an electrochemical gradient

Front 17

fermentation

Back 17

the incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absense of O2

process utilizes an organic compound as the final electron acceptor

Front 18

alcohol fermentation

Back 18

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps

Front 19

lactic acid fermentation

Back 19

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to for lactate as an end product with no release of CO2